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<p>Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies are increasingly being integrated into surgical practice to enhance performance across visualization, training, and patient engagement. This review examines current applications of AR, VR, and mixed reality (MR) in surgery, including VR-assisted neurosurgery for detailed brain visualization and AR-guided spinal procedures for improved accuracy, such as with the Augmedics xvision system. Despite promising advancements, challenges remain in the areas of system integration, cost, and standardized protocols. The analysis highlights the transformative role of these technologies in surgical education and anticipates that the continued convergence of AR and VR will significantly influence the evolution of healthcare. In conclusion, AR and VR are poised to substantially reshape surgical practice, with this review addressing existing gaps and projecting future directions for technological advancement in the field.</p>

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Augmented and virtual reality in surgical practice: a review of applications in visualization, training, and future directions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月9日

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  • Tianyi Ma,
  • Shengqi Pan,
  • Junting Guan,
  • Qingchao Tang,
  • Guiyu Wang

摘要

Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies are increasingly being integrated into surgical practice to enhance performance across visualization, training, and patient engagement. This review examines current applications of AR, VR, and mixed reality (MR) in surgery, including VR-assisted neurosurgery for detailed brain visualization and AR-guided spinal procedures for improved accuracy, such as with the Augmedics xvision system. Despite promising advancements, challenges remain in the areas of system integration, cost, and standardized protocols. The analysis highlights the transformative role of these technologies in surgical education and anticipates that the continued convergence of AR and VR will significantly influence the evolution of healthcare. In conclusion, AR and VR are poised to substantially reshape surgical practice, with this review addressing existing gaps and projecting future directions for technological advancement in the field.