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<p>How do minority-ruled regimes respond to nationalist movements by the demographic majority? We examine whether the Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) adjusted the ethnic composition of prefectural officials in response to nationalist uprisings during the final decade of the dynasty. Using prefectural tenure records of 483 Manchu and Mongolian officials from 1900 to 1912, we construct a new dataset covering 352 prefectures. Employing a difference-in-differences design, we find that nationalist uprisings significantly reduced the number of Manchu and Mongolian officials at the prefectural level. The effect was not driven by top-down co-optation or a deliberate reduction in Manchu appointments; instead, it resulted from a higher rate of exit among Manchu officials in affected areas.</p>

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Gun and blood: the changing proportions of minorities officials in late imperial China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月5日

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  • Yongqin Guo,
  • Qinnan Zhou,
  • Bas van Leeuwen

摘要

How do minority-ruled regimes respond to nationalist movements by the demographic majority? We examine whether the Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) adjusted the ethnic composition of prefectural officials in response to nationalist uprisings during the final decade of the dynasty. Using prefectural tenure records of 483 Manchu and Mongolian officials from 1900 to 1912, we construct a new dataset covering 352 prefectures. Employing a difference-in-differences design, we find that nationalist uprisings significantly reduced the number of Manchu and Mongolian officials at the prefectural level. The effect was not driven by top-down co-optation or a deliberate reduction in Manchu appointments; instead, it resulted from a higher rate of exit among Manchu officials in affected areas.