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<p>This study assesses the feasibility and sustainability of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) as a waste-to-energy (WtE) strategy for managing and valorizing mixed domestic waste (MDW) obtained from residential households. The effects of process parameters, including reaction temperature, residence time, and aqueous phase recirculation ratio, were systematically investigated. A maximum bio crude yield of 46.17% was achieved at 320&#xa0;°C for 60&#xa0;min with an aqueous phase recirculation ratio of 6&#xa0;ml/g, producing a bio crude rich in hydrocarbons (65.4%), along with 17.6% oxygenates and 12.3% fatty acids and esters, with carbon and energy recovery observed to be significantly high under these conditions. Energy performance metrics such as Net Energy Ratio (NER) and Net Energy Efficiency Index (NEEI) indicated highly favourable conditions in comparison with other WtE technologies. Environmental sustainability of the HTL system was assessed using key Footprint Indicators (FIs), which suggested a lower ecological impact. Economic viability was demonstrated through estimates of Return on Investment (ROI), Payback Period (PBP), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), confirming HTL’s potential for scalable deployment. Overall, the findings support HTL as a promising and integrated approach for the energy-efficient, environmentally sound, and economically viable management of MDW.</p>

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Thermochemical conversion of mixed domestic waste via hydrothermal liquefaction for sustainable bio crude production: process optimization and techno-economic assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • Vaishnavi Mahadevan,
  • Naveen Subbaiyan,
  • Sathish Thanikodi

摘要

This study assesses the feasibility and sustainability of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) as a waste-to-energy (WtE) strategy for managing and valorizing mixed domestic waste (MDW) obtained from residential households. The effects of process parameters, including reaction temperature, residence time, and aqueous phase recirculation ratio, were systematically investigated. A maximum bio crude yield of 46.17% was achieved at 320 °C for 60 min with an aqueous phase recirculation ratio of 6 ml/g, producing a bio crude rich in hydrocarbons (65.4%), along with 17.6% oxygenates and 12.3% fatty acids and esters, with carbon and energy recovery observed to be significantly high under these conditions. Energy performance metrics such as Net Energy Ratio (NER) and Net Energy Efficiency Index (NEEI) indicated highly favourable conditions in comparison with other WtE technologies. Environmental sustainability of the HTL system was assessed using key Footprint Indicators (FIs), which suggested a lower ecological impact. Economic viability was demonstrated through estimates of Return on Investment (ROI), Payback Period (PBP), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), confirming HTL’s potential for scalable deployment. Overall, the findings support HTL as a promising and integrated approach for the energy-efficient, environmentally sound, and economically viable management of MDW.