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<p>Copper nanoparticles stabilized by bioactive compounds from <i>Acalypha indica</i> leaf extract (AITE-CuNPs) represent an eco-friendly strategy for the development of effective antibacterial agents. In this study, AITE-CuNPs were synthesized using a two-step phase transfer method, employing toluene-soluble <i>A. indica</i> leaf extract as a capping and stabilizing agent, and were systematically characterized by FT-IR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and TEM analyses, which confirmed their crystalline nature, quasi-spherical morphology, and stabilization by plant-derived biomolecules. Antibacterial evaluation revealed that AITE-CuNPs exhibited significantly enhanced activity compared to the plant extract alone, with lower MIC/MBC values against <i>Shigella sonnei</i> (7.33/25.00&#xa0;mg/L), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (10.00/29.00&#xa0;mg/L), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (19.00/49.67&#xa0;mg/L), and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (16.33/31.33&#xa0;mg/L). In addition to antimicrobial efficacy, in vivo zebrafish embryo toxicity studies demonstrated a concentration- and time-dependent embryotoxic and teratogenic effect at 100 and 200&#xa0;µg (0.1 and 0.2&#xa0;mg) exposure levels, with hatching reduced to 53.33% and survival to 60.00% at the higher exposure level, along with morphological abnormalities such as yolk edema, pericardial edema, and body curvature. This study highlights the strong antibacterial potential of AITE-CuNPs while emphasizing the need for careful dose optimization and biosafety assessment to ensure their safe application in biomedical and environmental fields.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Balancing antibacterial performance and biosafety: Acalypha indica-stabilized Cu NPs in zebrafish embryo models

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • M. Rajesh,
  • P. Adwin Jose,
  • M. Subasri,
  • G. Vijaya Prasath,
  • D. Praveenkumar,
  • M. Selvamurugan

摘要

Copper nanoparticles stabilized by bioactive compounds from Acalypha indica leaf extract (AITE-CuNPs) represent an eco-friendly strategy for the development of effective antibacterial agents. In this study, AITE-CuNPs were synthesized using a two-step phase transfer method, employing toluene-soluble A. indica leaf extract as a capping and stabilizing agent, and were systematically characterized by FT-IR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and TEM analyses, which confirmed their crystalline nature, quasi-spherical morphology, and stabilization by plant-derived biomolecules. Antibacterial evaluation revealed that AITE-CuNPs exhibited significantly enhanced activity compared to the plant extract alone, with lower MIC/MBC values against Shigella sonnei (7.33/25.00 mg/L), Staphylococcus aureus (10.00/29.00 mg/L), Escherichia coli (19.00/49.67 mg/L), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.33/31.33 mg/L). In addition to antimicrobial efficacy, in vivo zebrafish embryo toxicity studies demonstrated a concentration- and time-dependent embryotoxic and teratogenic effect at 100 and 200 µg (0.1 and 0.2 mg) exposure levels, with hatching reduced to 53.33% and survival to 60.00% at the higher exposure level, along with morphological abnormalities such as yolk edema, pericardial edema, and body curvature. This study highlights the strong antibacterial potential of AITE-CuNPs while emphasizing the need for careful dose optimization and biosafety assessment to ensure their safe application in biomedical and environmental fields.

Graphical abstract