<p>Geopropolis is a complex natural matrix produced by stingless bees and widely investigated for its phenolic composition and associated bioactivities. However, the chemical characteristics of the residues generated during its processing remain poorly understood and are often disregarded. This study investigated the phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of geopropolis processing residues obtained from <i>Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides</i>. Distinct residual fractions obtained through reprocessing steps, including liquid, insoluble solid, partially dried, and fully dried materials, were comparatively evaluated. Ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions were optimized using a central composite design and response surface methodology, considering ultrasound time and solvent water content to ensure efficient recovery of phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds were quantified by HPLC–DAD, and representative compounds from different chemical classes were selected for full method validation using a matrix-adapted calibration strategy. The method showed satisfactory linearity (r² ≥ 0.99), accuracy (70.36–112.49%), and precision (RSD ≤ 19.89%). All residues retained measurable phenolic levels, with significant differences among fractions. <i>p</i>-Coumaric acid was the predominant compound, followed by gallic acid, quercetin, and chrysin. Antioxidant capacity (DPPH) reflected the same distribution, with the dried residue showing the highest activity. These results demonstrate that geopropolis residues preserve consistent phenolic profiles and antioxidant properties, indicating that they are not chemically inert but represent compositionally distinct and chemically relevant fractions. This comparative evaluation provides a basis for understanding phenolic distribution during processing and supports further investigation and application of these materials.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>