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<p>The persistence of pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic environments requires the development of efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts. In this study, CuAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles were explored for the photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole under sun light. The nanoparticles were synthesized by a sol–gel route and characterized using XRD, SEM, EDX, UV–DRS, PL, BET, and Hall effect analyses. XRD confirmed the formation of a pure cubic spinel phase with an average crystallite size of 18.56&#xa0;nm, SEM revealed a pebble-like morphology uniformly covering the surface, EDX analyses confirmed the chemical composition of CuAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, BET analysis showed a surface area of 25.93&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup> with an average pore diameter of 16.6&#xa0;nm, UV-DRS estimated a band gap of 1.96&#xa0;eV, and Hall measurements indicated <i>p</i>-type conductivity with increasing conductivity, carrier concentration, and mobility up to 360&#xa0;K; photocatalytic tests reveal a strong kinetic dependence on metronidazole concentration, catalyst dosage and pH, with optimal performance occurring at a low initial metronidazole concentration of 20&#xa0;mg/L and a catalyst dosage of 200&#xa0;mg under acidic and alkaline conditions. These findings demonstrate that CuAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles are promising visible-light-active photocatalysts for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole using CuAl2O4 nanoparticles under sunlight

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • S. Mokhtari,
  • T. Saidani,
  • S. Habi Ben Hariz,
  • H. Lahmar,
  • L. Aoudjit,
  • M. Trari,
  • A. Djermoun

摘要

The persistence of pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic environments requires the development of efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts. In this study, CuAl2O4 nanoparticles were explored for the photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole under sun light. The nanoparticles were synthesized by a sol–gel route and characterized using XRD, SEM, EDX, UV–DRS, PL, BET, and Hall effect analyses. XRD confirmed the formation of a pure cubic spinel phase with an average crystallite size of 18.56 nm, SEM revealed a pebble-like morphology uniformly covering the surface, EDX analyses confirmed the chemical composition of CuAl2O4, BET analysis showed a surface area of 25.93 m2 g−1 with an average pore diameter of 16.6 nm, UV-DRS estimated a band gap of 1.96 eV, and Hall measurements indicated p-type conductivity with increasing conductivity, carrier concentration, and mobility up to 360 K; photocatalytic tests reveal a strong kinetic dependence on metronidazole concentration, catalyst dosage and pH, with optimal performance occurring at a low initial metronidazole concentration of 20 mg/L and a catalyst dosage of 200 mg under acidic and alkaline conditions. These findings demonstrate that CuAl2O4 nanoparticles are promising visible-light-active photocatalysts for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.

Graphical Abstract