Surface and interface engineering of SnO2/g-C3N4 heterostructured nanocomposites for enhanced charge transfer toward sustainable visible-light photocatalysis and electrochemical energy storage
摘要
Tin oxide/graphitic carbon nitride (SnO2/g-C3N4) nanocomposites were successfully synthesized to analyze their multifunctional performance in photocatalytic dye degradation and supercapacitor energy storage applications. In powder X-ray diffraction analysis crystalline structure of SnO2 and its effective integration with g-C3N4 were confirmed. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the presence of functional groups and bond formation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy provided insights into surface composition and interfacial electronic interactions of Sn, O, C, N. Transmission electron microscopy revealed uniformly distributed morphologies with controlled particle size, d-spacing value and SAED pattern. UV-DRS absorption analysis demonstrated the enhanced visible-light absorption with the calculated band gap value of pure SnO2 as 3.31 eV and reduced bandgap value for SnO2/g-C3N4 as 2.58 eV. A photocatalytic dye degradation efficiency of 71% for SnO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposites using methylene blue dye under visible-light irradiation, attributed to improved light irradiation and efficient charge separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. Electrochemical analysis using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed the excellent energy-storage performance and a high specific capacitance of 1360 F g−1, 89.5% capacitance retention after prolonged cycling, and a coulombic efficiency of 99.3%. The reduced charge-transfer resistance further indicates enhanced ion and electron transport, highlighting SnO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposites as promising multifunctional materials for environmental remediation and sustainable supercapacitor applications.