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<p>This study investigated the NH<sub>4</sub>Cl-assisted slow pyrolysis of <i>Spirulina platensis</i> residue (SPR) as a sustainable strategy for integrated carbon and nitrogen recovery. A central composite design (CCD) was applied to evaluate the interactive effects of pyrolysis temperature (400–600&#xa0;°C) and NH<sub>4</sub>Cl loading (0–4 wt%) on product yields and elemental distributions. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to model and optimize multiple responses, including carbon and nitrogen yield in bio-oil, biochar, and aqueous phase, as well as the O/C and N/C atomic ratios in bio-oil. Results showed that moderate NH<sub>4</sub>Cl doping significantly enhanced aqueous-phase and biochar yields while promoting nitrogen retention and deoxygenation. The optimal conditions were identified at 510.67&#xa0;°C and 2.99 wt% NH<sub>4</sub>Cl, yielding bio-oil (7.21%), biochar (38.52%), aqueous phase (34.81%), and gas (19.31%). Mechanistic analysis revealed that SPR components undergo convergent transformation via Maillard condensation, Paal–Knorr cyclization, Diels–Alder reaction, and dehydrogenation, forming key bio-oil compounds such as 2-methylfuran, phenolics, indoles, ethylbenzene, and xylene, along with nitrogen-doped biochar. Model predictions were experimentally validated with errors within ± 5%, confirming the robustness of the RSM approach. Overall, this work offers a promising route for converting microalgal waste into value-added fuels and functional materials under optimized process conditions.</p>

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Mechanistic and optimization studies of NH4Cl-assisted Co-pyrolysis of microalgae biomass residue for product redistribution and N-doped biochar production

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Desy Hikmatul Siami,
  • Hanifrahmawan Sudibyo,
  • Dwi Joko Prasetyo,
  • Joko Wintoko,
  • Muslih Anwar,
  • Arief Budiman

摘要

This study investigated the NH4Cl-assisted slow pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis residue (SPR) as a sustainable strategy for integrated carbon and nitrogen recovery. A central composite design (CCD) was applied to evaluate the interactive effects of pyrolysis temperature (400–600 °C) and NH4Cl loading (0–4 wt%) on product yields and elemental distributions. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to model and optimize multiple responses, including carbon and nitrogen yield in bio-oil, biochar, and aqueous phase, as well as the O/C and N/C atomic ratios in bio-oil. Results showed that moderate NH4Cl doping significantly enhanced aqueous-phase and biochar yields while promoting nitrogen retention and deoxygenation. The optimal conditions were identified at 510.67 °C and 2.99 wt% NH4Cl, yielding bio-oil (7.21%), biochar (38.52%), aqueous phase (34.81%), and gas (19.31%). Mechanistic analysis revealed that SPR components undergo convergent transformation via Maillard condensation, Paal–Knorr cyclization, Diels–Alder reaction, and dehydrogenation, forming key bio-oil compounds such as 2-methylfuran, phenolics, indoles, ethylbenzene, and xylene, along with nitrogen-doped biochar. Model predictions were experimentally validated with errors within ± 5%, confirming the robustness of the RSM approach. Overall, this work offers a promising route for converting microalgal waste into value-added fuels and functional materials under optimized process conditions.