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<p>Pharmaceutical residues, particularly antidepressants, are increasingly detected in aquatic environments and are recognized as emerging contaminants due to their persistence and potential ecological risks. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are often insufficient to ensure their complete elimination, motivating the development of advanced hybrid treatment strategies. This study investigates the performance of a coupled process combining gamma irradiation and nanofiltration (NF) for the removal of fluoxetine (FLX) from aqueous solutions. Gamma irradiation alone ensured complete degradation of FLX at an absorbed dose of 1.4&#xa0;kGy, although mineralization remained limited, as reflected by a 34.8% reduction in total organic carbon (TOC). Nanofiltration applied independently achieved a retention efficiency of 83.5% at 8&#xa0;bar transmembrane pressure, confirming its strong separation capability for this compound. When integrated, the two processes exhibited a complementary effect, enhancing overall removal efficiency and improving TOC reduction compared to the single treatments. LC–MS analysis identified three main transformation products, indicating that hydroxylation is a dominant pathway during FLX degradation under irradiation. These results demonstrate that the combination of advanced oxidation via gamma irradiation and membrane separation by nanofiltration represents a promising and efficient approach for the treatment of pharmaceutical-contaminated water, offering improved performance over individual processes.</p>

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Enhanced removal of fluoxetine using gamma irradiation combined by nanofiltration : optimization via experimental design and analysis of degradation pathways

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Sabrine Ghazouani,
  • Faten Boujelbane,
  • Dorra Jellouli Ennigrou,
  • Bart Van der Bruggen,
  • Nadia Mzoughi

摘要

Pharmaceutical residues, particularly antidepressants, are increasingly detected in aquatic environments and are recognized as emerging contaminants due to their persistence and potential ecological risks. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are often insufficient to ensure their complete elimination, motivating the development of advanced hybrid treatment strategies. This study investigates the performance of a coupled process combining gamma irradiation and nanofiltration (NF) for the removal of fluoxetine (FLX) from aqueous solutions. Gamma irradiation alone ensured complete degradation of FLX at an absorbed dose of 1.4 kGy, although mineralization remained limited, as reflected by a 34.8% reduction in total organic carbon (TOC). Nanofiltration applied independently achieved a retention efficiency of 83.5% at 8 bar transmembrane pressure, confirming its strong separation capability for this compound. When integrated, the two processes exhibited a complementary effect, enhancing overall removal efficiency and improving TOC reduction compared to the single treatments. LC–MS analysis identified three main transformation products, indicating that hydroxylation is a dominant pathway during FLX degradation under irradiation. These results demonstrate that the combination of advanced oxidation via gamma irradiation and membrane separation by nanofiltration represents a promising and efficient approach for the treatment of pharmaceutical-contaminated water, offering improved performance over individual processes.