Investigating the performance of TiO2/orange peel waste activated carbon on murree shale swelling inhibition: a central composite and experimental design study
摘要
The study focused on the preparation of carbonaceous material supported TiO2 composite using a hydrothermal technique, and its application as a shale inhibitor in water-based mud (WBM). The activated carbon/anatase-TiO2 (AC/TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized using orange peel powder, which was then serve as a supported for anatase-TiO2 nanoparticles. The shale swelling mitigating characteristics of AC/TiO2 composites was also compared with sodium alginate; a biopolymer obtained from brown algae. The result of the study reveals that the AC/TiO2 composites were highly effective and played a pivotal role in inhibiting the shale swelling behavior. As the concentration of AC/TiO2 composites increases in WBM, a significant reduction in swelling was recorded in linear dynamic swell-meter experiment. A minimum of 5.8% was recorded when 3.50 g of AC/TiO2 composites was used in WBM. In contrast, 5.25 g of sodium alginate was also required to achieve the same shale swelling. This finding was also in good agreement with the ANOVA analysis, where AC/TiO2 composites demonstrated