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<p>Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are abundant lignocellulosic biomass wastes generated from palm oil production, with Indonesia producing approximately 10.76 million tons annually. This study reports the synthesis of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from OPEFB using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride and lactic acid (molar ratio 1:10) as an environmentally friendly delignification pretreatment, followed by bleaching with 5% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and acid hydrolysis using 1.5&#xa0;M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. The raw OPEFB contained 35.34% hemicellulose, 27.51% cellulose, 17.84% lignin, 4.12% water, and 13.47% ash. FTIR analysis confirmed the removal of lignin and hemicellulose through the disappearance of the carbonyl peak at 1737&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup> in the final MCC product. XRD analysis revealed that the synthesized MCC retained a cellulose type I crystalline structure, with a crystallinity index of 59.21%, compared to 69.45% for commercial MCC. The crystallinity increased progressively throughout the treatment stages, indicating effective removal of amorphous components. TGA analysis demonstrated improved thermal stability, with the onset decomposition temperature increasing from 195.8&#xa0;°C in raw OPEFB to 257.2&#xa0;°C in MCC. SEM observations revealed substantial morphological changes from fibrous raw material to a finer and more fragmented MCC structure. PSA results showed an average particle size of 1.53&#xa0;µm with a polydispersity index of 0.84, which was considerably smaller than commercial MCC (~ 51&#xa0;µm). Additionally, the DES solvent demonstrated reusability potential, supporting the sustainability of the process. Overall, the synthesized OPEFB MCC exhibited physicochemical characteristics comparable to commercial MCC, indicating its good potential as a bio-based excipient for pharmaceutical and industrial applications.</p>

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Synthesis of microcrystalline cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunches with delignification pretreatment using deep eutectic solvent

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Hertantri Yulia Rahmi,
  • Dewanti Cahya Widi,
  • Mukmin Sapto Pamungkas,
  • Nur Rofiqoh Eviana Putri,
  • Muslikhin Hidayat,
  • Yuni Kusumastuti

摘要

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are abundant lignocellulosic biomass wastes generated from palm oil production, with Indonesia producing approximately 10.76 million tons annually. This study reports the synthesis of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from OPEFB using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride and lactic acid (molar ratio 1:10) as an environmentally friendly delignification pretreatment, followed by bleaching with 5% H2O2 and acid hydrolysis using 1.5 M H2SO4. The raw OPEFB contained 35.34% hemicellulose, 27.51% cellulose, 17.84% lignin, 4.12% water, and 13.47% ash. FTIR analysis confirmed the removal of lignin and hemicellulose through the disappearance of the carbonyl peak at 1737 cm−1 in the final MCC product. XRD analysis revealed that the synthesized MCC retained a cellulose type I crystalline structure, with a crystallinity index of 59.21%, compared to 69.45% for commercial MCC. The crystallinity increased progressively throughout the treatment stages, indicating effective removal of amorphous components. TGA analysis demonstrated improved thermal stability, with the onset decomposition temperature increasing from 195.8 °C in raw OPEFB to 257.2 °C in MCC. SEM observations revealed substantial morphological changes from fibrous raw material to a finer and more fragmented MCC structure. PSA results showed an average particle size of 1.53 µm with a polydispersity index of 0.84, which was considerably smaller than commercial MCC (~ 51 µm). Additionally, the DES solvent demonstrated reusability potential, supporting the sustainability of the process. Overall, the synthesized OPEFB MCC exhibited physicochemical characteristics comparable to commercial MCC, indicating its good potential as a bio-based excipient for pharmaceutical and industrial applications.