Collective effect of tri-hybrid nanoparticles-added diesel/waste biodiesel fuels on engine combustion, performance, and emission characteristics

The internal-combustion engines (IC) powered by waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel for Power production, industrial applications and transportation applications are increasing the significance of the results of their function as the disposal option for WCO that is the least harmful to the environment. Additionally, as the nanoparticles improve fuel quality by enhancing combustion characteristics, reducing emissions, and improving engine performance, researchers are becoming increasingly fascinated by nanoparticles and their derivatives for biodiesel in various applications. This study aims to utilize a vital waste of waste cooking oil to prepare the base fuel and enhance its quality through mono and hybrid integration of nanoparticles such as TiO₂, SiO₂, and Multi-walled carbon nanotubes at a constant quantity of 150 ppm. There were six types fuels were considered including D100% (pure diesel reference fuel), WCOB100% (base fuel), WCOB100%/TiO₂, WCOB100%/SiO₂, WCOB100%/MWCNT, and WCOB100%/tri-hybrid. The uncertainty analysis on measuring instruments and characterization of fuels was carried out. A single-cylinder diesel engine test rig was employed to test the fuels’ performances at various load conditions from 0 to 100% rated load with a step of 20%. The test results exhibit that the tri-hybrid nano-enhanced WCO biodiesel outperformed by performing near diesel performance at load conditions like the in-cylinder pressure 66.1 bar, HRR 57.2 J/CA, and BTE of 31.9%. The proposed WCOB100%/tri-hybrid nano-fuel reduced emissions of CO by 20%, UHC by 56.86%, CO₂ by 14.72%, and NOx by 24.67% by using the proposed nano-fuel, 100% diesel can be saved as it contains 100% WCO biodiesel and 100 nanoparticles of TiO₂, SiO₂, and MWCNT.