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<p>The choice of carbon precursor and preparation conditions critically determines the physicochemical properties of activated carbons Legume vines are an abundant biowaste and can also be a sustainable carbon resource depending on the treatment method. To valorize vine waste from hyacinth bean, common bean, and cowpea—three legume species widely cultivated across China—this study synthesized activated carbons from these vines using ZnCl<sub>2</sub> and K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> as activating agents. The effects of vine species, activating agent type, and carbonization temperature on the properties of the resulting activated carbons were systematically investigated. The synthesized activated carbons were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the activating agent, carbonization temperature, and precursor species all influenced the pore structure. Specifically, ZnCl<sub>2</sub> activation predominantly developed mesopores, whereas K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> activation favored the formation of micropores. The optimal K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>-activated sample was derived from hyacinth bean vine at 850&#xa0;°C, exhibiting a specific surface area of 1897.45 m<sup>2</sup>/g, a pore volume of 0.9921 cm<sup>3</sup>/g, and an average pore diameter of 2.09&#xa0;nm. The optimal ZnCl<sub>2</sub>-activated sample was obtained from cowpea vine at 550&#xa0;°C, with a specific surface area of 1521.15 m<sup>2</sup>/g, a pore volume of 1.2980 cm<sup>3</sup>/g, and an average pore diameter of 3.41&#xa0;nm. The optimal activated carbons were used for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB), demonstrating a waste-based material strategy for pollutant removal. The obtained activated carbons exhibited excellent adsorption performance, indicating their potential for cationic dye removal from wastewater. Furthermore, the adsorption process was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 775.19&#xa0;mg/g. This study demonstrates that legume vine residues, which are abundant agricultural wastes, can be valorized into high-performance activated carbons for environmental remediation.</p>

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Effects of precursor type and preparation conditions on the physicochemical properties and MB adsorption capacity of activated carbons derived from legume vines

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Wei Wei,
  • Conghui Wang

摘要

The choice of carbon precursor and preparation conditions critically determines the physicochemical properties of activated carbons Legume vines are an abundant biowaste and can also be a sustainable carbon resource depending on the treatment method. To valorize vine waste from hyacinth bean, common bean, and cowpea—three legume species widely cultivated across China—this study synthesized activated carbons from these vines using ZnCl2 and K2CO3 as activating agents. The effects of vine species, activating agent type, and carbonization temperature on the properties of the resulting activated carbons were systematically investigated. The synthesized activated carbons were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the activating agent, carbonization temperature, and precursor species all influenced the pore structure. Specifically, ZnCl2 activation predominantly developed mesopores, whereas K2CO3 activation favored the formation of micropores. The optimal K2CO3-activated sample was derived from hyacinth bean vine at 850 °C, exhibiting a specific surface area of 1897.45 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.9921 cm3/g, and an average pore diameter of 2.09 nm. The optimal ZnCl2-activated sample was obtained from cowpea vine at 550 °C, with a specific surface area of 1521.15 m2/g, a pore volume of 1.2980 cm3/g, and an average pore diameter of 3.41 nm. The optimal activated carbons were used for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB), demonstrating a waste-based material strategy for pollutant removal. The obtained activated carbons exhibited excellent adsorption performance, indicating their potential for cationic dye removal from wastewater. Furthermore, the adsorption process was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 775.19 mg/g. This study demonstrates that legume vine residues, which are abundant agricultural wastes, can be valorized into high-performance activated carbons for environmental remediation.