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<p>The growing demand for sustainable and high-performance materials has driven increasing interest in natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites as alternatives to conventional synthetic systems. In this context, this study investigates polyester composites reinforced with <i>Clitoria ternatea</i> microfiber and varying lignin biopolymer content (0–4&#xa0;vol. %), with emphasis on mechanical, wear, and water absorption behavior. The results demonstrate a clear dependence of performance on lignin concentration. Among all compositions, the PBL3 composite (2&#xa0;vol. % lignin) exhibited optimal mechanical properties, achieving a peak tensile strength of 125&#xa0;MPa, compared to 65&#xa0;MPa for the neat polyester (PB), representing nearly a 90% improvement. Similarly, the impact strength increased from 3.2 to 6.2&#xa0;J, while interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) reached 27&#xa0;MPa, indicating enhanced stress transfer and interfacial adhesion. The improved performance is attributed to effective dispersion of lignin and its role as a compatibilizing toughening agent, promoting stronger fiber-matrix bonding rather than biocompatibility, which is not appropriate in this structural context. At higher lignin loading (PBL4, 4&#xa0;vol. %), mechanical properties showed a marginal decline; however, hardness increased to 85 Shore D. In addition, PBL4 exhibited superior tribological performance with a specific wear rate of 0.015&#xa0;mm<sup>3</sup>/m and a coefficient of friction of 0.25, along with water absorption of 2.4%, indicating improved resistance to surface degradation and environmental exposure. Water absorption remained relatively low across all compositions, with the polyester matrix governing hydrophobic behavior, although slight increases were observed with fiber and lignin incorporation. Overall, the optimized composite (PBL3) demonstrates a balanced combination of strength, toughness, and interfacial integrity, while PBL4 offers enhanced hardness, wear resistance, and environmental stability. These findings highlight the potential of lignin-modified natural fiber composites as lightweight, sustainable materials for semi-structural applications such as automotive interior components, building panels, and consumer products.</p>

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Characterization of polyester composites reinforced with Clitoria ternatea microfibers and toughened with lignin biopolymer

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月3日

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  • Shaik Gulam Abul Hasan,
  • Syed Azharuddin,
  • Aatef uddin Mohammed,
  • Shahed Qureshi Mohammed,
  • Abdul Naseh Khan Mohammed

摘要

The growing demand for sustainable and high-performance materials has driven increasing interest in natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites as alternatives to conventional synthetic systems. In this context, this study investigates polyester composites reinforced with Clitoria ternatea microfiber and varying lignin biopolymer content (0–4 vol. %), with emphasis on mechanical, wear, and water absorption behavior. The results demonstrate a clear dependence of performance on lignin concentration. Among all compositions, the PBL3 composite (2 vol. % lignin) exhibited optimal mechanical properties, achieving a peak tensile strength of 125 MPa, compared to 65 MPa for the neat polyester (PB), representing nearly a 90% improvement. Similarly, the impact strength increased from 3.2 to 6.2 J, while interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) reached 27 MPa, indicating enhanced stress transfer and interfacial adhesion. The improved performance is attributed to effective dispersion of lignin and its role as a compatibilizing toughening agent, promoting stronger fiber-matrix bonding rather than biocompatibility, which is not appropriate in this structural context. At higher lignin loading (PBL4, 4 vol. %), mechanical properties showed a marginal decline; however, hardness increased to 85 Shore D. In addition, PBL4 exhibited superior tribological performance with a specific wear rate of 0.015 mm3/m and a coefficient of friction of 0.25, along with water absorption of 2.4%, indicating improved resistance to surface degradation and environmental exposure. Water absorption remained relatively low across all compositions, with the polyester matrix governing hydrophobic behavior, although slight increases were observed with fiber and lignin incorporation. Overall, the optimized composite (PBL3) demonstrates a balanced combination of strength, toughness, and interfacial integrity, while PBL4 offers enhanced hardness, wear resistance, and environmental stability. These findings highlight the potential of lignin-modified natural fiber composites as lightweight, sustainable materials for semi-structural applications such as automotive interior components, building panels, and consumer products.