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<p>Textile dye-contaminated wastewater contains high colour intensity and refractory organic pollutants, which are difficult to degrade using conventional processes alone. This study presents, for the first time, a sequential Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)-photocatalysis system using Medical Waste Fly Ash (MWFA) as a standalone photocatalyst for the degradation of Sunfix Red dye in municipal wastewater. Real wastewater was spiked with 100 ppm dye to stimulate realistic effluent conditions. The MBBR achieved ~ 75% COD removal and considerable initial colour reduction, improving the biodegradability and reducing the load on the photocatalytic stage. Subsequent MWFA-based photocatalysis achieved 99.26% colour removal and 95.2% COD removal, demonstrating strong synergy between biological pretreatment and advanced oxidation. Process optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) identified the most influential variables, enabling maximized dye degradation with ultra-low-cost operation at 0.09&#xa0;g L<sup>−1</sup>. Material was Characterized by XRD, FESEM-EDS, UV-DRS, BET and XPS, confirming the presence of naturally occurring metal oxides in MWFA, enabling photocatalytic activity without doping. Circular economy analysis showed that at a loading of 1&#xa0;kg of MWFA can treat 11.11 kL of wastewater, with a 94% lower cost compared to commercial TiO<sub>2</sub>. This integrated and optimized system demonstrates a scalable, low-cost solution using a medical waste-derived photocatalyst, contributing to SDG-6 and SDG-12.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Sequential bio–photocatalytic system for efficient dye degradation using cost-effective photocatalyst: performance, optimization, and circular economy assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • V. Kant,
  • S. Prabhudesai,
  • J. Panchal,
  • K. Reddy,
  • K. Y. A. H. Alkhoori,
  • S. Vincent,
  • S. Mutnuri,
  • B. G. P. Kumar

摘要

Textile dye-contaminated wastewater contains high colour intensity and refractory organic pollutants, which are difficult to degrade using conventional processes alone. This study presents, for the first time, a sequential Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)-photocatalysis system using Medical Waste Fly Ash (MWFA) as a standalone photocatalyst for the degradation of Sunfix Red dye in municipal wastewater. Real wastewater was spiked with 100 ppm dye to stimulate realistic effluent conditions. The MBBR achieved ~ 75% COD removal and considerable initial colour reduction, improving the biodegradability and reducing the load on the photocatalytic stage. Subsequent MWFA-based photocatalysis achieved 99.26% colour removal and 95.2% COD removal, demonstrating strong synergy between biological pretreatment and advanced oxidation. Process optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) identified the most influential variables, enabling maximized dye degradation with ultra-low-cost operation at 0.09 g L−1. Material was Characterized by XRD, FESEM-EDS, UV-DRS, BET and XPS, confirming the presence of naturally occurring metal oxides in MWFA, enabling photocatalytic activity without doping. Circular economy analysis showed that at a loading of 1 kg of MWFA can treat 11.11 kL of wastewater, with a 94% lower cost compared to commercial TiO2. This integrated and optimized system demonstrates a scalable, low-cost solution using a medical waste-derived photocatalyst, contributing to SDG-6 and SDG-12.

Graphical Abstract