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<p>The development of efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts is essential for the removal of persistent organic pollutants from wastewater. In this study, a p-type Cu<sub>2</sub>NiSnS<sub>4</sub> chalcogenide semiconductor nanoparticles were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and evaluated for the photocatalytic degradation of malachite green (MG) under visible light irradiation (16 W LED). Structural and morphological analysis were performed by various spectroscopic and microscopic methods. The chalcogenide nanoparticle was found to possess cubic morphology, a narrow band gap (2.0&#xa0;eV), and a negative flat band potential (−&#xa0;1.17&#xa0;V), asserting a p-type semiconductor behavior. Electrochemical studies of the semiconducting nanoparticles indicating excellent charge transfer characteristics, high electroactive surface area and high electrocatalytic activity, making them suitable for photoelectric applications. The photocatalytic performance was investigated using catalyst doses of 5–30&#xa0;mg, achieving a maximum degradation efficiency of 99.41% with 20&#xa0;mg of catalyst within 240&#xa0;min. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.006&#xa0;s<sup>−1</sup> (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.924). Radical scavenging studies revealed that h<sup>+</sup> and <sup>·</sup>OH are the dominant reactive species. The radical-mediated degradation of MG dye was found to occur via two mechanisms, namely N-demethylation and oxidation. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibited excellent stability and reusability. Phytotoxicity studies using Bengal gram seed germination clearly demonstrated significant reduction in toxicity after treatment, leading to improved growth parameters such as high germination percent (100%), high vigor index (1240), and low inhibition percentage (0%). These results confirm that Cu<sub>2</sub>NiSnS<sub>4</sub> is an efficient, stable, and cost-effective photocatalyst for wastewater remediation.</p>

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Visible-light-assisted remediation of Malachite green dye using a low band gap p-type Cu2NiSnS4 semiconductor and phytotoxicity evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月18日

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  • Byadarahalli Kumaraswami Dhanalakshmi,
  • Sobandhar Prakash Bharath Kumar,
  • Ningappa Kumara Swamy,
  • Nelligeri Arkeswaraiah Chamaraja,
  • Bandigowdanahalli Prabhuswamy Veda,
  • Hatna Shivarudraiah Vedhavathi

摘要

The development of efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts is essential for the removal of persistent organic pollutants from wastewater. In this study, a p-type Cu2NiSnS4 chalcogenide semiconductor nanoparticles were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and evaluated for the photocatalytic degradation of malachite green (MG) under visible light irradiation (16 W LED). Structural and morphological analysis were performed by various spectroscopic and microscopic methods. The chalcogenide nanoparticle was found to possess cubic morphology, a narrow band gap (2.0 eV), and a negative flat band potential (− 1.17 V), asserting a p-type semiconductor behavior. Electrochemical studies of the semiconducting nanoparticles indicating excellent charge transfer characteristics, high electroactive surface area and high electrocatalytic activity, making them suitable for photoelectric applications. The photocatalytic performance was investigated using catalyst doses of 5–30 mg, achieving a maximum degradation efficiency of 99.41% with 20 mg of catalyst within 240 min. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.006 s−1 (R2 = 0.924). Radical scavenging studies revealed that h+ and ·OH are the dominant reactive species. The radical-mediated degradation of MG dye was found to occur via two mechanisms, namely N-demethylation and oxidation. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibited excellent stability and reusability. Phytotoxicity studies using Bengal gram seed germination clearly demonstrated significant reduction in toxicity after treatment, leading to improved growth parameters such as high germination percent (100%), high vigor index (1240), and low inhibition percentage (0%). These results confirm that Cu2NiSnS4 is an efficient, stable, and cost-effective photocatalyst for wastewater remediation.