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<p>This work develops and statistically optimizes an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor based on silicate-substituted hydroxyapatite (Si-HA) for carbon steel protection in 3.5% NaCl. Si-HA was synthesized via a sustainable precipitation route using CaO derived from guinea fowl eggshells as the calcium precursor, supporting waste valorization. XRD, FTIR, and SEM/EDS confirmed a single apatite phase and effective incorporation of SiO<sub>4</sub><sup>4−</sup> groups into the hydroxyapatite lattice. A Box–Behnken design coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) produced a highly significant quadratic model (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001) with strong adequacy (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9938, R<sup>2</sup><sub>adj</sub> = 0.9865, R<sup>2</sup><sub>pred</sub> = 0.9665; lack-of-fit not significant). The optimal conditions were identified as Si<sub>1</sub>-HA, 150&#xa0;ppm, 293&#xa0;K, and 0.5&#xa0;h, yielding a predicted inhibition efficiency of 97.44% and an experimental value of 98%. Under these conditions, the corrosion current density decreased from 452 to 9.04 μA.cm<sup>−2</sup>, while the charge-transfer resistance increased from 175.84 to 7622.8 Ω·cm<sup>2</sup>; the corrosion potential shift remained limited (ΔE<sub>corr</sub> ≈ 50&#xa0;mV), indicating mixed-type inhibition. EIS fitting further supported the formation of a protective film, as evidenced by a marked decrease in the interfacial capacitance (Cdl) from 102.63 to 19.76 μF.cm<sup>−2</sup>. Adsorption analysis followed the Freundlich isotherm (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.996), consistent with strong surface affinity. Overall, Si<sub>1</sub>-HA derived from biowaste CaO can provide rapid, high-efficiency, and sustainable corrosion protection in saline environments.</p>

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Electrochemical performance and statistical optimization of silicated hydroxyapatite as a green corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 3.5% NaCl

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Abderrahmane Talfana,
  • Issam Forsal,
  • Wissal Kotmani,
  • Anas ElHarami,
  • Mohssine Ghazoui

摘要

This work develops and statistically optimizes an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor based on silicate-substituted hydroxyapatite (Si-HA) for carbon steel protection in 3.5% NaCl. Si-HA was synthesized via a sustainable precipitation route using CaO derived from guinea fowl eggshells as the calcium precursor, supporting waste valorization. XRD, FTIR, and SEM/EDS confirmed a single apatite phase and effective incorporation of SiO44− groups into the hydroxyapatite lattice. A Box–Behnken design coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) produced a highly significant quadratic model (p < 0.0001) with strong adequacy (R2 = 0.9938, R2adj = 0.9865, R2pred = 0.9665; lack-of-fit not significant). The optimal conditions were identified as Si1-HA, 150 ppm, 293 K, and 0.5 h, yielding a predicted inhibition efficiency of 97.44% and an experimental value of 98%. Under these conditions, the corrosion current density decreased from 452 to 9.04 μA.cm−2, while the charge-transfer resistance increased from 175.84 to 7622.8 Ω·cm2; the corrosion potential shift remained limited (ΔEcorr ≈ 50 mV), indicating mixed-type inhibition. EIS fitting further supported the formation of a protective film, as evidenced by a marked decrease in the interfacial capacitance (Cdl) from 102.63 to 19.76 μF.cm−2. Adsorption analysis followed the Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.996), consistent with strong surface affinity. Overall, Si1-HA derived from biowaste CaO can provide rapid, high-efficiency, and sustainable corrosion protection in saline environments.