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<p>The development of efficient photocatalysts for the removal of antibiotic and phenolic contaminants is crucial for sustainable wastewater treatment. In this study, a novel In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Ag/Ag<sub>2</sub>O@AC nanocomposite was successfully synthesized via a facile green precipitation route using <i>Cyperus rotundus</i> rhizome extract. The structural, morphological, optical, and surface properties of the as-prepared nanocomposite were systematically characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDX, TEM, XPS, UV–visible DRS, and BET analyses. The composite exhibited excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance, achieving degradation efficiencies of 95.51% for ciprofloxacin (CIP) within 70&#xa0;min and 95.87% for 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) within 100&#xa0;min. Enhanced activity is attributed to improved light absorption, efficient charge separation, and strong interfacial interactions within the heterostructure, along with the high surface area of the activated carbon support. Reactive species trapping experiments revealed that <sup>•</sup>OH and <sup>•</sup>O<sub>2</sub><sup>⁻</sup> radicals plays dominant role in the degradation process. Based on these findings, a plausible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed. Overall, the results highlight the potential of the In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Ag/Ag<sub>2</sub>O@AC nanocomposite as an effective and sustainable photocatalyst for the degradation of emerging organic pollutants and environmental remediation applications.</p>

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Biosynthesized AC supported In2O3/Ag/Ag2O photocatalyst: characterization and mechanistic insights for environmental remediation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Sumaiyya Patel,
  • Dinesh Hase,
  • Kanhaiyalal Bhavsar,
  • Ram Pawar,
  • Shailendra Gurav,
  • Vaishali Murade,
  • Gajanan Pandhare

摘要

The development of efficient photocatalysts for the removal of antibiotic and phenolic contaminants is crucial for sustainable wastewater treatment. In this study, a novel In2O3/Ag/Ag2O@AC nanocomposite was successfully synthesized via a facile green precipitation route using Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract. The structural, morphological, optical, and surface properties of the as-prepared nanocomposite were systematically characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDX, TEM, XPS, UV–visible DRS, and BET analyses. The composite exhibited excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance, achieving degradation efficiencies of 95.51% for ciprofloxacin (CIP) within 70 min and 95.87% for 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) within 100 min. Enhanced activity is attributed to improved light absorption, efficient charge separation, and strong interfacial interactions within the heterostructure, along with the high surface area of the activated carbon support. Reactive species trapping experiments revealed that •OH and •O2⁻ radicals plays dominant role in the degradation process. Based on these findings, a plausible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed. Overall, the results highlight the potential of the In2O3/Ag/Ag2O@AC nanocomposite as an effective and sustainable photocatalyst for the degradation of emerging organic pollutants and environmental remediation applications.