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<p>Manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO<sub>2</sub> NPs) have been green-synthesized using plant-derived biomolecules over the past decade. Compared to conventional chemical synthesis that utilizes toxic reagents and processes with energy-intensive production, plant-mediated synthesis utilizes phytocompounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, and polysaccharides, which act as natural reducing and stabilizing agents. Numerous studies have confirmed that synthesis parameters such as pH, concentration of the extract, and precursor ratio significantly influence the morphology, size, and other properties of synthesized nanoparticles. It has been demonstrated that plant-mediated MnO<sub>2</sub> NPs exhibit multifunctional roles in the biomedical domain as compared to conventional methods like physical and chemical methods. This review discusses the multimodal action of MnO<sub>2</sub> NPs, as they have shown potential in several domains due to their functional redox activity, pH and glutathione responsiveness, ability to serve as tumour hypoxia-reducing agents, catalytic reactive oxygen species generators, and antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Research studies indicate that biogenic MnO<sub>2</sub> NPs exhibit higher biocompatibility, lower toxicity, and enhanced antimicrobial and anticancer activities compared to chemically synthesized NPs. This attribute makes it more suitable for biomedical use. In addition to MnO<sub>2</sub> NPs, new classes of MnO<sub>2</sub>-based nanocomposites have been fabricated that incorporate polymers, carbon nanomaterials, natural biomaterials, and biopolymers, which are in demand and being sold in the market. We have thoroughly discussed the advances and the limitations of MnO<sub>2</sub> NPs. The challenges associated with instability and nanoparticle aggregation, improving bactericidal, antifungal and anticancer activities are also given emphasis. Significant interventions such as exosome-MnO<sub>2</sub> systems, elastin-like polypeptide hybrids, and polyanhydride-MnO<sub>2</sub> composites have also been discussed with utmost scientific temperament.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Green synthesized MnO2 nanoparticles: evaluation of synthesis methodologies and broad-spectrum therapeutic potential

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Rihan,
  • Laveeza Bano,
  • Mudassir Alam,
  • Mohd Anas,
  • Hameim Yahya,
  • Md Nabeel Alam,
  • Shruti Prasad,
  • Mohd Sameer

摘要

Manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs) have been green-synthesized using plant-derived biomolecules over the past decade. Compared to conventional chemical synthesis that utilizes toxic reagents and processes with energy-intensive production, plant-mediated synthesis utilizes phytocompounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, and polysaccharides, which act as natural reducing and stabilizing agents. Numerous studies have confirmed that synthesis parameters such as pH, concentration of the extract, and precursor ratio significantly influence the morphology, size, and other properties of synthesized nanoparticles. It has been demonstrated that plant-mediated MnO2 NPs exhibit multifunctional roles in the biomedical domain as compared to conventional methods like physical and chemical methods. This review discusses the multimodal action of MnO2 NPs, as they have shown potential in several domains due to their functional redox activity, pH and glutathione responsiveness, ability to serve as tumour hypoxia-reducing agents, catalytic reactive oxygen species generators, and antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Research studies indicate that biogenic MnO2 NPs exhibit higher biocompatibility, lower toxicity, and enhanced antimicrobial and anticancer activities compared to chemically synthesized NPs. This attribute makes it more suitable for biomedical use. In addition to MnO2 NPs, new classes of MnO2-based nanocomposites have been fabricated that incorporate polymers, carbon nanomaterials, natural biomaterials, and biopolymers, which are in demand and being sold in the market. We have thoroughly discussed the advances and the limitations of MnO2 NPs. The challenges associated with instability and nanoparticle aggregation, improving bactericidal, antifungal and anticancer activities are also given emphasis. Significant interventions such as exosome-MnO2 systems, elastin-like polypeptide hybrids, and polyanhydride-MnO2 composites have also been discussed with utmost scientific temperament.

Graphical abstract