<p>A novel Gum Arabic/Toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate/ (GA-TDI) adsorbent was synthesised via a rapid co-precipitation method and its application feasibility for removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous solution was studied. Various characterisation techniques, such as SEM, FTIR, and BET. The BET analysis revealed a surface area of 9.30 m²/g, indicating a highly porous structure suitable for adsorption were used to characterise the prepared GA-TDI composite to study its promising adsorption ability. The effects of initial concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time were optimised using central composite design under response surface methodology (RSM), with the model showing high significance (R² = 0.987). It was discovered that ciprofloxacin adsorption worked best at neutral pH. The pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.9997) was supported by the kinetic data, but the Langmuir isotherm, which had a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 285.50&#xa0;mg/g, better captured the adsorption equilibrium. Using 20&#xa0;mg of GA-TDI, regeneration tests demonstrated good reusability, retaining over 93% removal efficiency after five cycles, demonstrating the adsorbent's exceptional stability and regeneration capability.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>