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<p>This study investigated the individual and combined effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure and lead (Pb) stress on chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) seedlings. Treatments included EMF alone and three Pb concentrations (250, 500, and 750&#xa0;µM PbCl<sub>2</sub>), applied singly or in combination, to evaluate impacts on growth, physiological traits, biochemical responses, and Pb accumulation. Plant height, pods per pot, total chlorophyll, soluble sugars, and protein contents were measured after 30&#xa0;days, along with Pb content in plant tissues (µg g<sup>−1</sup> dry weight). Pb stress caused strong dose-dependent reductions in growth and biochemical traits, with the most severe inhibition at 500 and 750&#xa0;µM. EMF alone produced moderate suppression; however, under Pb stress, EMF significantly modified responses, as supported by significant EMF × Pb interactions for plant height, shoot soluble sugars, root protein, pods per pot, and Pb accumulation (two-way ANOVA, <i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). Pb accumulation increased with increasing Pb concentration, but EMF consistently reduced tissue Pb content compared with Pb-only treatments at the same Pb level, indicating that EMF altered Pb uptake and/or internal distribution. Despite the reduction in Pb accumulation, combined EMF + Pb exposure resulted in the greatest impairment of growth, carbohydrate status, protein content, and yield at higher Pb levels. These findings demonstrate that Pb toxicity is the primary driver of chickpea growth inhibition, while EMF reshapes Pb stress responses in a concentration-dependent manner and antagonizes Pb accumulation under the conditions tested.</p>

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Interactive effects of electromagnetic field exposure and PbCl2 stress on growth, physiology and Pb accumulation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • Muniza Riaz,
  • Sahar Zaidi,
  • Nabeela Mahmood,
  • Huma Qureshi,
  • Tauseef Anwar

摘要

This study investigated the individual and combined effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure and lead (Pb) stress on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seedlings. Treatments included EMF alone and three Pb concentrations (250, 500, and 750 µM PbCl2), applied singly or in combination, to evaluate impacts on growth, physiological traits, biochemical responses, and Pb accumulation. Plant height, pods per pot, total chlorophyll, soluble sugars, and protein contents were measured after 30 days, along with Pb content in plant tissues (µg g−1 dry weight). Pb stress caused strong dose-dependent reductions in growth and biochemical traits, with the most severe inhibition at 500 and 750 µM. EMF alone produced moderate suppression; however, under Pb stress, EMF significantly modified responses, as supported by significant EMF × Pb interactions for plant height, shoot soluble sugars, root protein, pods per pot, and Pb accumulation (two-way ANOVA, p ≤ 0.05). Pb accumulation increased with increasing Pb concentration, but EMF consistently reduced tissue Pb content compared with Pb-only treatments at the same Pb level, indicating that EMF altered Pb uptake and/or internal distribution. Despite the reduction in Pb accumulation, combined EMF + Pb exposure resulted in the greatest impairment of growth, carbohydrate status, protein content, and yield at higher Pb levels. These findings demonstrate that Pb toxicity is the primary driver of chickpea growth inhibition, while EMF reshapes Pb stress responses in a concentration-dependent manner and antagonizes Pb accumulation under the conditions tested.