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<p>Eco-friendly, low-cost activated carbons are useful in supercapacitors, but exhibit low power-output density with high resistance. Naturally occurring electrolytes were assessed in supercapacitors here. An activated carbon/carbon nanofiber (AC/CNF) composite electrode was evaluated using natural Dead Sea water (DSW) in comparison with 6.0&#xa0;M KOH, and 1.0&#xa0;M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. Specific capacitance (<i>C</i><sub><i>s</i></sub>), energy density (<i>E</i><sub><i>d</i></sub>) and power density (<i>P</i><sub><i>d</i></sub>) were analysed, focusing on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). At 5&#xa0;mV/s scan rate, cyclic voltammetry showed highest <i>C</i><sub><i>s</i></sub> 157.8 F/g for 6.0&#xa0;M KOH, but differences diminished at higher-scan rates. Galvanostatic charge/discharge revealed that DSW achieved highest <i>C</i><sub><i>s</i></sub> of 81.4 F/g at 0.4 A/g. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that DSW exhibited lowest equivalent-series resistance at 0.68 Ω and highest knee frequency (<i>f₀</i> = 0.125&#xa0;Hz), demonstrating rapid resistive-to-capacitive behaviour transition with cycling stability. The results confirm DSW as a useful sustainable effective alternative to synthetic electrolytes in supercapacitor applications.</p>

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Assessment of Dead Sea water as a natural electrolyte in supercapacitors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月30日

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  • Allan Daraghmeh,
  • Kholoud Bourini,
  • Heba Nassar,
  • Shahzad Hussain,
  • Iyad Saadeddin,
  • Hikmat S. Hilal

摘要

Eco-friendly, low-cost activated carbons are useful in supercapacitors, but exhibit low power-output density with high resistance. Naturally occurring electrolytes were assessed in supercapacitors here. An activated carbon/carbon nanofiber (AC/CNF) composite electrode was evaluated using natural Dead Sea water (DSW) in comparison with 6.0 M KOH, and 1.0 M H2SO4. Specific capacitance (Cs), energy density (Ed) and power density (Pd) were analysed, focusing on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). At 5 mV/s scan rate, cyclic voltammetry showed highest Cs 157.8 F/g for 6.0 M KOH, but differences diminished at higher-scan rates. Galvanostatic charge/discharge revealed that DSW achieved highest Cs of 81.4 F/g at 0.4 A/g. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that DSW exhibited lowest equivalent-series resistance at 0.68 Ω and highest knee frequency (f₀ = 0.125 Hz), demonstrating rapid resistive-to-capacitive behaviour transition with cycling stability. The results confirm DSW as a useful sustainable effective alternative to synthetic electrolytes in supercapacitor applications.