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<p>This study compared the photocatalytic performance of unmodified silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), L-lysine-functionalized AgNPs, and TEMPO-modified AgNPs for solar-driven atrazine degradation in aqueous systems. Nanoparticles were synthesised via chemical reduction under controlled conditions and characterised using XRD, FTIR, SEM, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated under simulated solar irradiation (100&#xa0;W xenon lamp) using 10&#xa0;mg/L atrazine with a catalyst loading of 0.1&#xa0;g/L. TEMPO-AgNPs demonstrated superior performance, achieving complete atrazine degradation within 75&#xa0;min, compared to 74% for lysine-AgNPs and 53% for bare AgNPs. The enhanced activity correlated with improved physicochemical properties: a 41.4% higher specific surface area (28.45&#xa0;m²/g), reduced bandgap (2.53&#xa0;eV), and enhanced crystallinity. Radical scavenging identified hydroxyl radicals as the primary oxidative species, accounting for 77% of the degradation. The addition of peroxymonosulfate accelerated the complete degradation to 30&#xa0;min. TEMPO-AgNPs exhibited exceptional stability, retaining 95.65% efficiency after five cycles with minimal silver leaching, and demonstrated broad-spectrum efficacy against ciprofloxacin (85%), methylene blue (73%), tetracycline (55%), and alizarin red S (38%) degradation. TEMPO functionalization enhances photocatalytic performance through the synergistic effects of improved charge separation, extended visible-light absorption, and superior surface properties, establishing a foundation for sustainable solar-powered water treatment systems targeting diverse organic contaminants.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Comparative study of functionalized silver nanoparticles for solar-driven photocatalytic degradation of atrazine and organic contaminants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月18日

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  • Zubeda Nangrejo,
  • Muhammad Yasar,
  • Aseel A. Kadhem,
  • Gurumurthy Ramaiah,
  • Khalid J. Alzahrani,
  • Fuad M. Alzahrani,
  • Khalaf F. Alsharif,
  • Cumali Celik,
  • Murodjon Yaxshimuratov,
  • Khushnud Azizjanov

摘要

This study compared the photocatalytic performance of unmodified silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), L-lysine-functionalized AgNPs, and TEMPO-modified AgNPs for solar-driven atrazine degradation in aqueous systems. Nanoparticles were synthesised via chemical reduction under controlled conditions and characterised using XRD, FTIR, SEM, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated under simulated solar irradiation (100 W xenon lamp) using 10 mg/L atrazine with a catalyst loading of 0.1 g/L. TEMPO-AgNPs demonstrated superior performance, achieving complete atrazine degradation within 75 min, compared to 74% for lysine-AgNPs and 53% for bare AgNPs. The enhanced activity correlated with improved physicochemical properties: a 41.4% higher specific surface area (28.45 m²/g), reduced bandgap (2.53 eV), and enhanced crystallinity. Radical scavenging identified hydroxyl radicals as the primary oxidative species, accounting for 77% of the degradation. The addition of peroxymonosulfate accelerated the complete degradation to 30 min. TEMPO-AgNPs exhibited exceptional stability, retaining 95.65% efficiency after five cycles with minimal silver leaching, and demonstrated broad-spectrum efficacy against ciprofloxacin (85%), methylene blue (73%), tetracycline (55%), and alizarin red S (38%) degradation. TEMPO functionalization enhances photocatalytic performance through the synergistic effects of improved charge separation, extended visible-light absorption, and superior surface properties, establishing a foundation for sustainable solar-powered water treatment systems targeting diverse organic contaminants.

Graphical Abstract