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<p>This study confirms the potential for sustainably synthesizing zeolite Y (ZY) using rice husk ash (RHA) and metakaolin (MK), achieving Si/Al ratios (SARs) ranging from 2.0 to 3.5. The physicochemical characterizations revealed that increasing the SAR led to improvements in specific surface area (up to 725&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g), increased microporous and mesoporous volumes, and increased pore diameters, thereby enhancing accessibility for Rhodamine B (RhB) molecules. Although total acidity decreased with higher silicon content, the augmented crystallinity, porosity, and hydrophobicity (particularly in ZY 3.0 and ZY 3.5) supported stronger dye interactions. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) served as a crucial organic structure-directing agent (OSDA), helping to maintain structural stability and enhance adsorption performance. Adsorption experiments demonstrated a peak RhB removal after 72&#xa0;h, with zeolites of higher SAR achieving up to 75% removal at a concentration of 1&#xa0;mg/L. Adsorption equilibrium was reached for all concentrations, with higher dye levels showing earlier saturation of active sites. Zeolite Y exhibited strong potential as an efficient and environmentally sustainable material for textile wastewater treatment. Based on the present findings, an operational period of 72&#xa0;h is recommended, together with strategies to minimize desorption and facilitate industrial-scale applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Sustainable fabrication of zeolite Y from rice husk ash and metakaolin for the adsorption of Rhodamine B dye

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月17日

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  • Mohuli Das,
  • Marcos Antônio Klunk,
  • Ayush Srivastava,
  • Sudipta Dasgupta,
  • Nattan Roberto Caetano

摘要

This study confirms the potential for sustainably synthesizing zeolite Y (ZY) using rice husk ash (RHA) and metakaolin (MK), achieving Si/Al ratios (SARs) ranging from 2.0 to 3.5. The physicochemical characterizations revealed that increasing the SAR led to improvements in specific surface area (up to 725 m2/g), increased microporous and mesoporous volumes, and increased pore diameters, thereby enhancing accessibility for Rhodamine B (RhB) molecules. Although total acidity decreased with higher silicon content, the augmented crystallinity, porosity, and hydrophobicity (particularly in ZY 3.0 and ZY 3.5) supported stronger dye interactions. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) served as a crucial organic structure-directing agent (OSDA), helping to maintain structural stability and enhance adsorption performance. Adsorption experiments demonstrated a peak RhB removal after 72 h, with zeolites of higher SAR achieving up to 75% removal at a concentration of 1 mg/L. Adsorption equilibrium was reached for all concentrations, with higher dye levels showing earlier saturation of active sites. Zeolite Y exhibited strong potential as an efficient and environmentally sustainable material for textile wastewater treatment. Based on the present findings, an operational period of 72 h is recommended, together with strategies to minimize desorption and facilitate industrial-scale applications.

Graphical abstract