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<p>Using inexpensive, sustainable adsorbents, including industrial agricultural waste, to remove heavy metals from wastewater treatment is of great interest, as it presents a major environmental problem. The adsorption capacity of brewery-spent grains (BSG) for copper(II) ions (Cu(II)) was examined in this study and was found to increase by oxidation (O@BSG) from 32.51 to 74.48 mg g<sup>−1</sup>. The adsorption process was optimized using the Box-Behnken design (BBD), and the highest adsorption capacity (30.21 mg g<sup>−1</sup>) was obtained at pH 5.57, 22.44&#xa0;mg O@BSG, and 156.98 mg L<sup>−1</sup> initial Cu(II) ion concentration. A quadratic mathematical model was formulated to predict the responses. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated a significant impact of pH on the adsorption of Cu(II) ions. The models that best describe the adsorption process were pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model. The monolayer adsorption capacity was 69.26 mg g<sup>−1</sup>. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the process is spontaneous and endothermic, as well as an increase in disorder at the solid-liquid interface. In conclusion, O@BSG was shown to have significant potential as an economical, efficient, and sustainable adsorbent for Cu(II) removal.</p>

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Sustainable heavy metal removal: optimization of adsorption onto oxidized brewery spent grains via response surface methodology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月20日

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  • Çiğdem Ay

摘要

Using inexpensive, sustainable adsorbents, including industrial agricultural waste, to remove heavy metals from wastewater treatment is of great interest, as it presents a major environmental problem. The adsorption capacity of brewery-spent grains (BSG) for copper(II) ions (Cu(II)) was examined in this study and was found to increase by oxidation (O@BSG) from 32.51 to 74.48 mg g−1. The adsorption process was optimized using the Box-Behnken design (BBD), and the highest adsorption capacity (30.21 mg g−1) was obtained at pH 5.57, 22.44 mg O@BSG, and 156.98 mg L−1 initial Cu(II) ion concentration. A quadratic mathematical model was formulated to predict the responses. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated a significant impact of pH on the adsorption of Cu(II) ions. The models that best describe the adsorption process were pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model. The monolayer adsorption capacity was 69.26 mg g−1. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the process is spontaneous and endothermic, as well as an increase in disorder at the solid-liquid interface. In conclusion, O@BSG was shown to have significant potential as an economical, efficient, and sustainable adsorbent for Cu(II) removal.