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<p>This study explores the implementation of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to extract naturally occurring d-limonene from waste orange peels in the absence of organic solvents. The extraction process was optimized using diced orange peels at 1300 W microwave power and a 1:3 sample-to-water ratio with 500&#xa0;g of biomass, yielding approximately 90% of d-limonene from the essential oil extract. In conjunction, the d-limonene extract is then subjected to an epoxidation reaction with lipase B from Candida antarctica (CalB), immobilized on Immobead 150, a recombinant of yeast as a green catalyst, followed by the incorporation of microwave irradiation to produce 1,2-limonene oxide. The epoxidation process was optimized to achieve high-purity 1,2-limonene oxide at a 98% conversion rate with 40&#xa0;mM of extracted d-limonene, 70&#xa0;mM of octanoic acid, a temperature of 50&#xa0;°C, 5% catalyst loading, a reaction time of 30&#xa0;min, and 250&#xa0;mM of hydrogen peroxide (35% aqueous solution) while 20&#xa0;ml of toluene was used as a solvent. A detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis was also conducted to support the reported purity of the desired products while a comparative analysis highlights the enhanced performance of the proposed process as a promising green alternative for industrial bioproducts derived from citrus waste.</p>

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Optimization of rapid microwave-assisted extraction and epoxidation of D-limonene from waste orange peels

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月12日

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  • Jayavignesan Visvalingam,
  • Yee Ho Chai,
  • Shafirah Samsuri,
  • Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff

摘要

This study explores the implementation of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to extract naturally occurring d-limonene from waste orange peels in the absence of organic solvents. The extraction process was optimized using diced orange peels at 1300 W microwave power and a 1:3 sample-to-water ratio with 500 g of biomass, yielding approximately 90% of d-limonene from the essential oil extract. In conjunction, the d-limonene extract is then subjected to an epoxidation reaction with lipase B from Candida antarctica (CalB), immobilized on Immobead 150, a recombinant of yeast as a green catalyst, followed by the incorporation of microwave irradiation to produce 1,2-limonene oxide. The epoxidation process was optimized to achieve high-purity 1,2-limonene oxide at a 98% conversion rate with 40 mM of extracted d-limonene, 70 mM of octanoic acid, a temperature of 50 °C, 5% catalyst loading, a reaction time of 30 min, and 250 mM of hydrogen peroxide (35% aqueous solution) while 20 ml of toluene was used as a solvent. A detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis was also conducted to support the reported purity of the desired products while a comparative analysis highlights the enhanced performance of the proposed process as a promising green alternative for industrial bioproducts derived from citrus waste.