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<p>The application of graph theory in chemistry, particularly in the study of molecular structures, has exceeded expectations and experienced exponential growth in recent years. Molecular graphs represent atoms as vertices and bonds as edges, providing a powerful framework for analysis. In this paper, we have focused on the molecular graph of rectangular bilayer germanium phosphide. Specifically, we have computed the entropy through various topological indices. By combining numerical analysis with graphical presentation, we aim to contribute to the understanding of materials science, facilitating advanced and sustainable material production and technological applications.</p>

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Exploring structural complexity through entropy in rectangular bilayer germanium phosphide for sustainable innovations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月26日

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  • Muhammad Akmal,
  • Hifza Iqbal,
  • Muhammad Akhtar Tarar,
  • Muhammad Farhan Hanif

摘要

The application of graph theory in chemistry, particularly in the study of molecular structures, has exceeded expectations and experienced exponential growth in recent years. Molecular graphs represent atoms as vertices and bonds as edges, providing a powerful framework for analysis. In this paper, we have focused on the molecular graph of rectangular bilayer germanium phosphide. Specifically, we have computed the entropy through various topological indices. By combining numerical analysis with graphical presentation, we aim to contribute to the understanding of materials science, facilitating advanced and sustainable material production and technological applications.