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<p>A novel activated carbon/sulfur (AC/S) composite cathode was synthesized from coconut shell charcoal through a thermal treatment method, with a sulfur-to-activated carbon (S/AC) mass ratio of 5:1. The AC/S composite displayed broad diffraction peaks at 2<i>θ</i> = 23.03° and 2<i>θ</i> = 43.45°, indicating an amorphous carbon structure. Morphology analysis revealed a dense, pore-free structure with particle sizes ranging from 50 to 200&#xa0;nm. Meanwhile, TEM analysis revealed sulfur encapsulation within a carbon matrix, with encapsulated particle sizes ranging from 10 to 20&#xa0;nm. FTIR analysis confirmed C–S bonding with characteristic vibrations at 1189.17&#xa0;cm⁻<sup>1</sup>, supported by Raman peak at 996.08&#xa0;cm⁻<sup>1</sup> and XPS signals at 164.03&#xa0;eV and 165.21&#xa0;eV. The composite exhibited a high electronic conductivity of 1.11 × 10^ (− 1) S cm<sup>−1</sup>. Electrochemical performance tests of the AC/S composite as a cathode in an all-solid-state sodium battery (AC/S | PTFE-β”-Al₂O₃ | Na) demonstrated promising initial charge and discharge capacities of 553.01 mAh/g and 331.9 mAh/g, respectively. Cycle stability tests further showed a Coulombic efficiency of 74% and capacity retention of 22.33% over 150 cycles, highlighting the composite’s potential for sustainable, high-capacity sodium storage applications.</p>

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Composite of activated carbon derived from coconut shell with sulfur as a high-performance cathode for β″-alumina-based sodium solid-state batteries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月29日

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  • Denis Octareta Amelia Putri,
  • Yuniawan Hidayat,
  • Younki Lee,
  • Anisa Raditya Nurohmah,
  • Nazarudin,
  • Volkan Degirmenci,
  • Fitria Rahmawati

摘要

A novel activated carbon/sulfur (AC/S) composite cathode was synthesized from coconut shell charcoal through a thermal treatment method, with a sulfur-to-activated carbon (S/AC) mass ratio of 5:1. The AC/S composite displayed broad diffraction peaks at 2θ = 23.03° and 2θ = 43.45°, indicating an amorphous carbon structure. Morphology analysis revealed a dense, pore-free structure with particle sizes ranging from 50 to 200 nm. Meanwhile, TEM analysis revealed sulfur encapsulation within a carbon matrix, with encapsulated particle sizes ranging from 10 to 20 nm. FTIR analysis confirmed C–S bonding with characteristic vibrations at 1189.17 cm⁻1, supported by Raman peak at 996.08 cm⁻1 and XPS signals at 164.03 eV and 165.21 eV. The composite exhibited a high electronic conductivity of 1.11 × 10^ (− 1) S cm−1. Electrochemical performance tests of the AC/S composite as a cathode in an all-solid-state sodium battery (AC/S | PTFE-β”-Al₂O₃ | Na) demonstrated promising initial charge and discharge capacities of 553.01 mAh/g and 331.9 mAh/g, respectively. Cycle stability tests further showed a Coulombic efficiency of 74% and capacity retention of 22.33% over 150 cycles, highlighting the composite’s potential for sustainable, high-capacity sodium storage applications.