Green synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of lead oxide nanoparticles using Muntingia calabura leaf extract: a sustainable approach

The present study focuses on the green synthesis of lead oxide (PbO) nanoparticles using an aqueous extract from the leaves of Muntingia calabura which function as stabilizing, capping, and reducing agents. This plant extract, rich in phytochemicals, exhibits a small size and a high surface-to-volume ratio, which have drawn significant attention for its antimicrobial properties. This plant extract which contains phytochemicals lead small size and high surface-to-volume ratio, have garnered significant antimicrobial attention. The lead oxide nanoparticles were studied through XRD, FTIR, SEM, and electronic absorption techniques. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of the nanoparticles, with an average particle size of 60 to 85 nm. FTIR spectra revealed the functional groups involved in the formation of PbO nanoparticles, while SEM analysis showed nanoparticle sizes ranging from ~ 35 nm. UV–visible spectroscopy confirmed the bio-reduction of lead ions into PbO nanoparticles, with a maximum absorption wavelength around 260 nm. The antimicrobial results demonstrate that PbO nanoparticles significantly inhibited the growth of Aspergillus niger and Candida glabrata. Notably, PbO nanoparticles were able to effectively resist A. niger. The significant antimicrobial activity results suggested that PbO nanoparticles synthesized via green methods hold promising potential as antimicrobial agents.