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<p><i>Sargassum yezoense,</i> a brown seaweed used in East Asian cuisine, exhibits promising bioactivities. This study examined how ethanol–water mixtures (0–100% ethanol) influence its antioxidant activities and metabolomic profiles. The extracts were prepared using 0–100% ethanol and metabolites were profiled using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-ESI–MS/MS). Antioxidant activities were evaluated using both chemical assays and cellular assays. Extracts prepared with 30–50% ethanol showed the strongest antioxidant activity in chemical assays, while 60–100% ethanol extracts offered greater protection in cells. UPLC-QTOF-ESI–MS/MS revealed solvent-dependent shifts in metabolite composition. Targeted quantification confirmed that phlorotannins were 4.4-fold higher in the 30% ethanol extract (E30) than in the 60% ethanol extract (E60) and over 30-fold higher than in the 80% ethanol extract (E80), aligning with enhanced chemical antioxidant activity. In contrast, E80 contained 2.46-fold more sargahydroquinoic acid and 1.63-fold more sargaquinoic acid than E30, metabolites linked to stronger intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction. These findings indicate that different metabolite classes predominate under different solvent conditions, shaping both chemical and cellular antioxidant responses and supporting tailored extraction for functional food and nutraceutical applications.</p>

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Metabolomics-guided quantification reveals antioxidant discrepancies of Sargassum yezoense in chemical and cellular systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月17日

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  • Suhyeon Baek,
  • Yu Miao,
  • Lei Cao,
  • Ock K. Chun,
  • Sanggil Lee

摘要

Sargassum yezoense, a brown seaweed used in East Asian cuisine, exhibits promising bioactivities. This study examined how ethanol–water mixtures (0–100% ethanol) influence its antioxidant activities and metabolomic profiles. The extracts were prepared using 0–100% ethanol and metabolites were profiled using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-ESI–MS/MS). Antioxidant activities were evaluated using both chemical assays and cellular assays. Extracts prepared with 30–50% ethanol showed the strongest antioxidant activity in chemical assays, while 60–100% ethanol extracts offered greater protection in cells. UPLC-QTOF-ESI–MS/MS revealed solvent-dependent shifts in metabolite composition. Targeted quantification confirmed that phlorotannins were 4.4-fold higher in the 30% ethanol extract (E30) than in the 60% ethanol extract (E60) and over 30-fold higher than in the 80% ethanol extract (E80), aligning with enhanced chemical antioxidant activity. In contrast, E80 contained 2.46-fold more sargahydroquinoic acid and 1.63-fold more sargaquinoic acid than E30, metabolites linked to stronger intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction. These findings indicate that different metabolite classes predominate under different solvent conditions, shaping both chemical and cellular antioxidant responses and supporting tailored extraction for functional food and nutraceutical applications.