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<p>Agro-industrial by-products such as wheat germ, rice bran, flaxseed meal, and canola meal are underutilised despite being rich in phenolic antioxidants. Therefore, this study aimed to enhance the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds using green technologies and to characterise their antioxidant potential and metabolite profile. Extraction was performed using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) alongside conventional extraction for comparison. Phenolic content and antioxidant assays were evaluated by using standard spectrophotometric assays. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, FTIR and SEM were performed for metabolic profiling and structural elucidation. The results showed that the extraction module significantly influenced phenolic recovery (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05), with UAE showing superior performance. The highest TPC (61.5 ± 0.9&#xa0;mg GAE/g) and DPPH activity (64.7 ± 2.5&#xa0;mg AAE/g) were observed in rice bran after 10&#xa0;min of UAE. A strong positive correlation was observed between TPC and antioxidant activity (TPC vs. DPPH, <i>r</i> = 0.918; TPC vs. ABTS, <i>r</i> = 0.919). LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis identified 22 phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, and lignans, confirming the richness of these by-products in bioactive metabolites. A moderate extraction time (10&#xa0;min) was optimal, as prolonged exposure slightly reduced phenolic stability. Overall, ultrasound-assisted extraction is an efficient and sustainable technique for maximising phenolic recovery and antioxidant activity from agro-industrial by-products.</p>

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Green extraction and LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS profiling of phenolic antioxidants from agro-industrial by-products: comparative efficiency of ultrasound, microwave, and conventional techniques

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Fakhar Islam,
  • Ali Imran,
  • Farhan Saeed,
  • Muhammad Afzaal

摘要

Agro-industrial by-products such as wheat germ, rice bran, flaxseed meal, and canola meal are underutilised despite being rich in phenolic antioxidants. Therefore, this study aimed to enhance the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds using green technologies and to characterise their antioxidant potential and metabolite profile. Extraction was performed using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) alongside conventional extraction for comparison. Phenolic content and antioxidant assays were evaluated by using standard spectrophotometric assays. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, FTIR and SEM were performed for metabolic profiling and structural elucidation. The results showed that the extraction module significantly influenced phenolic recovery (p ≤ 0.05), with UAE showing superior performance. The highest TPC (61.5 ± 0.9 mg GAE/g) and DPPH activity (64.7 ± 2.5 mg AAE/g) were observed in rice bran after 10 min of UAE. A strong positive correlation was observed between TPC and antioxidant activity (TPC vs. DPPH, r = 0.918; TPC vs. ABTS, r = 0.919). LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis identified 22 phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, and lignans, confirming the richness of these by-products in bioactive metabolites. A moderate extraction time (10 min) was optimal, as prolonged exposure slightly reduced phenolic stability. Overall, ultrasound-assisted extraction is an efficient and sustainable technique for maximising phenolic recovery and antioxidant activity from agro-industrial by-products.