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<p>Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1, is excreted in milk following the ingestion of contaminated feed by dairy animals and represents a recurrent chemical contaminant of milk and dairy products. Owing to its stability during conventional processing, AFM1 remains an important target of analytical monitoring worldwide. This study systematically reviews recent scientific evidence on the occurrence and concentration levels of AFM1 in milk and dairy products, with emphasis on analytical determination methods and matrix-dependent variability.&#xa0;The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A literature search of three bibliographic databases (PubMed, Scopus and the Web of Science Core Collection) using four parallel search blocks (occurrence/monitoring; analytical methods and validation parameters; complex dairy matrices; dietary exposure and risk assessment) identified studies published between 2020 and 2025 reporting quantitative AFM1 data in raw milk, processed milk, infant formula, and dairy products. Data extraction addressed prevalence, concentration ranges, analytical methodologies, analytical performance parameters (LOD, LOQ, recovery, matrix effects), and geographical distribution.&#xa0;A total of 214 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings reveal marked geographical variability in AFM1 occurrence and reported concentration levels. Liquid chromatography–based methods were most frequently applied, while immunoassays remained widely used for routine screening. A critical inter-method comparison indicated that LC–MS/MS and HPLC-FLD offer LOD values typically below 0.005 µg/L with recoveries of 80–105%, whereas ELISA platforms operate at higher LOD (0.005–0.05 µg/L) and are prone to matrix-dependent cross-reactivity; aptasensors and electrochemical immunosensors report sub-ng/L sensitivities under laboratory conditions but lack inter-laboratory validation. Methodological heterogeneity in LOD, recovery, sampling design and risk-assessment framework precluded formal meta-analysis; risk of bias was assessed using a JBI/ROBINS-I-adapted narrative framework, with most studies classified as low-to-moderate risk. Overall, this review provides a consolidated overview of global AFM1 occurrence data and analytical monitoring practices in dairy products.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Global occurrence and analytical monitoring of aflatoxin m1 in milk and dairy products: a systematic review (2020–2025)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Ketney Otto

摘要

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1, is excreted in milk following the ingestion of contaminated feed by dairy animals and represents a recurrent chemical contaminant of milk and dairy products. Owing to its stability during conventional processing, AFM1 remains an important target of analytical monitoring worldwide. This study systematically reviews recent scientific evidence on the occurrence and concentration levels of AFM1 in milk and dairy products, with emphasis on analytical determination methods and matrix-dependent variability. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A literature search of three bibliographic databases (PubMed, Scopus and the Web of Science Core Collection) using four parallel search blocks (occurrence/monitoring; analytical methods and validation parameters; complex dairy matrices; dietary exposure and risk assessment) identified studies published between 2020 and 2025 reporting quantitative AFM1 data in raw milk, processed milk, infant formula, and dairy products. Data extraction addressed prevalence, concentration ranges, analytical methodologies, analytical performance parameters (LOD, LOQ, recovery, matrix effects), and geographical distribution. A total of 214 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings reveal marked geographical variability in AFM1 occurrence and reported concentration levels. Liquid chromatography–based methods were most frequently applied, while immunoassays remained widely used for routine screening. A critical inter-method comparison indicated that LC–MS/MS and HPLC-FLD offer LOD values typically below 0.005 µg/L with recoveries of 80–105%, whereas ELISA platforms operate at higher LOD (0.005–0.05 µg/L) and are prone to matrix-dependent cross-reactivity; aptasensors and electrochemical immunosensors report sub-ng/L sensitivities under laboratory conditions but lack inter-laboratory validation. Methodological heterogeneity in LOD, recovery, sampling design and risk-assessment framework precluded formal meta-analysis; risk of bias was assessed using a JBI/ROBINS-I-adapted narrative framework, with most studies classified as low-to-moderate risk. Overall, this review provides a consolidated overview of global AFM1 occurrence data and analytical monitoring practices in dairy products.

Graphical Abstract