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<p>To investigate the motion behaviour and dynamic responses of hazelnuts during mechanical processing, including vibration grading, cleaning, drying, and shelling, a novel DEM modelling method and simulation framework adapted to hazelnut geometry were developed. This method is based on the maximum inscribed-circle theory of ellipses. Compared with conventional sphere-filling methods, which mainly rely on automatic filling or empirical adjustment, the proposed approach analytically determines the radii and centre coordinates of the sub-spheres from the characteristic dimensions of hazelnuts, thereby making the selection and spatial arrangement of sub-spheres more explicit and reproducible. By defining and measuring the characteristic dimensions of hazelnuts, modelling approaches for both individual hazelnuts and hazelnut assemblies were proposed. Eight multi-sphere models with different geometric resolutions (6, 11, 15, 21, 28, 30, 32, and 56 sub-spheres) were constructed using a multi-sphere filling technique. The static and rolling friction coefficients between hazelnuts were calibrated using physical angle-of-repose tests and simulated angle-of-repose tests. Comparisons between the physical and simulated results from piling and bulk density tests demonstrated that simulation accuracy increased with the number of model sub-spheres and then levelled off, whereas the computational time increased consistently with the number of sub-spheres. When the multi-sphere model was constructed with 32 sub-spheres, the piling-test and bulk-density results were very close to the measured values, with relative errors of 1.11% and 1.15%, respectively, while maintaining moderate computational efficiency. These results indicate that the 32-sub-sphere model provides a reliable and computationally efficient DEM representation of hazelnuts, enabling accurate simulation of hazelnut bulk motion and offering a practical modelling basis for the design and optimisation of vibration grading, cleaning, drying, and shelling equipment.</p>

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Discrete element modelling method for hazelnuts based on the maximum inscribed-circle theory of ellipses and experimental validation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Chun Wang,
  • Weiguo Zhang,
  • Xiaoli Wu,
  • Hengbo Ding,
  • Hailin Kui

摘要

To investigate the motion behaviour and dynamic responses of hazelnuts during mechanical processing, including vibration grading, cleaning, drying, and shelling, a novel DEM modelling method and simulation framework adapted to hazelnut geometry were developed. This method is based on the maximum inscribed-circle theory of ellipses. Compared with conventional sphere-filling methods, which mainly rely on automatic filling or empirical adjustment, the proposed approach analytically determines the radii and centre coordinates of the sub-spheres from the characteristic dimensions of hazelnuts, thereby making the selection and spatial arrangement of sub-spheres more explicit and reproducible. By defining and measuring the characteristic dimensions of hazelnuts, modelling approaches for both individual hazelnuts and hazelnut assemblies were proposed. Eight multi-sphere models with different geometric resolutions (6, 11, 15, 21, 28, 30, 32, and 56 sub-spheres) were constructed using a multi-sphere filling technique. The static and rolling friction coefficients between hazelnuts were calibrated using physical angle-of-repose tests and simulated angle-of-repose tests. Comparisons between the physical and simulated results from piling and bulk density tests demonstrated that simulation accuracy increased with the number of model sub-spheres and then levelled off, whereas the computational time increased consistently with the number of sub-spheres. When the multi-sphere model was constructed with 32 sub-spheres, the piling-test and bulk-density results were very close to the measured values, with relative errors of 1.11% and 1.15%, respectively, while maintaining moderate computational efficiency. These results indicate that the 32-sub-sphere model provides a reliable and computationally efficient DEM representation of hazelnuts, enabling accurate simulation of hazelnut bulk motion and offering a practical modelling basis for the design and optimisation of vibration grading, cleaning, drying, and shelling equipment.