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<p>Whey Protein (WP) is widely consumed for muscle growth, but excessive intake and limited data on its elemental composition raise potential health risks. Thus, this study aims to quantify metal(loid)s in WP and plant-based proteins (VPs) marketed in Brazil, and to evaluate the potential health risks associated with their consumption. Samples of WP and VPs were purchased from commercial establishments in Brazil. The concentrations of arsenic, chromium, copper, cadmium, mercury, manganese, lead, selenium, and zinc were quantified using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) after block digestion. Health risk assessments were based on Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) and Hazard Index (HI) calculations, and a direct comparison with Minimum Risk Levels (MRLs) for 30-year-old adults. Arsenic was consistently detected in all WP and VP samples (1.04–1.32&#xa0;mg/kg and 0.85–0.99&#xa0;mg/kg, respectively). CDI calculations indicated that zinc had the highest concentration, and arsenic exceeded the MRLs. While the concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, lead, selenium, and zinc were below the MRLs, indicating a low health risk from individual metal intake, the HI indicated a potential health risk for adults from combined metal exposure from WP and VP supplements. Elevated concentrations of zinc, copper, and manganese were detected in all samples, and arsenic exceeded safe levels in all samples. Therefore, monitoring the intake, sources, and quality of WP and VP supplements is crucial for preventing health hazards, given their ready availability for purchase and use.</p>

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Evaluation of risks to human health due to the presence of metal(loid)s in protein supplements

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • Renan da Silva Vieira,
  • Elaine Silvia de Pádua Melo,
  • Daniela Granja Arakaki,
  • Aline Carla Inada,
  • Valter Aragão do Nascimento

摘要

Whey Protein (WP) is widely consumed for muscle growth, but excessive intake and limited data on its elemental composition raise potential health risks. Thus, this study aims to quantify metal(loid)s in WP and plant-based proteins (VPs) marketed in Brazil, and to evaluate the potential health risks associated with their consumption. Samples of WP and VPs were purchased from commercial establishments in Brazil. The concentrations of arsenic, chromium, copper, cadmium, mercury, manganese, lead, selenium, and zinc were quantified using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) after block digestion. Health risk assessments were based on Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) and Hazard Index (HI) calculations, and a direct comparison with Minimum Risk Levels (MRLs) for 30-year-old adults. Arsenic was consistently detected in all WP and VP samples (1.04–1.32 mg/kg and 0.85–0.99 mg/kg, respectively). CDI calculations indicated that zinc had the highest concentration, and arsenic exceeded the MRLs. While the concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, lead, selenium, and zinc were below the MRLs, indicating a low health risk from individual metal intake, the HI indicated a potential health risk for adults from combined metal exposure from WP and VP supplements. Elevated concentrations of zinc, copper, and manganese were detected in all samples, and arsenic exceeded safe levels in all samples. Therefore, monitoring the intake, sources, and quality of WP and VP supplements is crucial for preventing health hazards, given their ready availability for purchase and use.