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<p>In this study, fish scale waste from <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> (tilapia), <i>Pseudotolithus elongatus</i> (croaker), and <i>Mugil cephalus</i> (mullet) were converted into gelatin-based edible films as possible biodegradable and sustainable alternative to conventional packaging materials. Gelatin yields were highest in tilapia scales (20.38%), compared to croaker (9.1%) and mullet (8.19%). The developed films exhibited species-specific physical and functional properties; mullet films were thinnest (0.10&#xa0;mm) but showed the highest swelling (207%) and gelatin viscosity (9.44 cP), while transparency values for all films ranged from 10.87 to 27.00. Storage time significantly influenced water vapour permeability (WVP), with species-dependent behaviour. Particularly, mullet films showed more stable WVP during storage, indicating improved retention of barrier properties over time, whereas tilapia films showed a pronounced increase in permeability at later storage stages. Structural, morphological, and thermal analyses by FTIR, SEM, and DSC revealed clear species-dependent differences in molecular organisation and structural integrity. Glass transition temperatures (T<sub>g</sub>) and melting enthalpy were highest in tilapia films (T<sub>g</sub> midpoint: 41.9&#xa0;°C; enthalpy integral: 3589.64&#xa0;mJ), indicating higher heat resistance and molecular order. The results highlight the potential of tilapia scale-derived gelatin films, which exhibited the most balanced functional and thermal stability, and mullet films, which showed superior surface uniformity and barrier properties, as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic packaging. Croaker films consistently exhibited lower performance across key parameters. This valorisation approach provides a circular bioeconomy pathway for mitigating seafood waste and enhancing food packaging sustainability.</p>

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Characterisation of gelatin-starch biofilms from Pseudotolithus elongatus, Oreochromis niloticus and Mugil cephalus fish scales

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月2日

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  • Folasade Olabimpe Adeboyejo,
  • Oluwatowo Mayowa Rosanwo

摘要

In this study, fish scale waste from Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia), Pseudotolithus elongatus (croaker), and Mugil cephalus (mullet) were converted into gelatin-based edible films as possible biodegradable and sustainable alternative to conventional packaging materials. Gelatin yields were highest in tilapia scales (20.38%), compared to croaker (9.1%) and mullet (8.19%). The developed films exhibited species-specific physical and functional properties; mullet films were thinnest (0.10 mm) but showed the highest swelling (207%) and gelatin viscosity (9.44 cP), while transparency values for all films ranged from 10.87 to 27.00. Storage time significantly influenced water vapour permeability (WVP), with species-dependent behaviour. Particularly, mullet films showed more stable WVP during storage, indicating improved retention of barrier properties over time, whereas tilapia films showed a pronounced increase in permeability at later storage stages. Structural, morphological, and thermal analyses by FTIR, SEM, and DSC revealed clear species-dependent differences in molecular organisation and structural integrity. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) and melting enthalpy were highest in tilapia films (Tg midpoint: 41.9 °C; enthalpy integral: 3589.64 mJ), indicating higher heat resistance and molecular order. The results highlight the potential of tilapia scale-derived gelatin films, which exhibited the most balanced functional and thermal stability, and mullet films, which showed superior surface uniformity and barrier properties, as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic packaging. Croaker films consistently exhibited lower performance across key parameters. This valorisation approach provides a circular bioeconomy pathway for mitigating seafood waste and enhancing food packaging sustainability.