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<p>This research investigated biodegradable pH-responsive indicator films for smart food packaging based on potato starch (PS) and maize starch (MS), incorporating red cabbage anthocyanins (RCA) and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). The main objective was to analyze the influence of BNC concentration on structural, interfacial, and colorimetric properties of starch-based films and their interaction with biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) composites for packaging. Films were characterized using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy combined with two-trace and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2T2D, 2DCOS) to enhance spectral resolution along with measurements of total soluble matter (TSM), surface free energy (SFE) analysis of indicators and PLA/PCL composites. Films’ adhesion with PLA/PCL substrates was calculated, and colorimetric and optical responses in varied-pH environment with additional statistical analysis. PS-based films showed higher water solubility (9.83–15.87%) than MS-based films (4.63–9.75%), indicating superior stability of MS matrix. SFE values of films ranged from 66.34 to 69.04&#xa0;mJ/m², with a decrease in polar contribution at 50% BNC, probably due to nanocellulose aggregation. Spectroscopic analyses revealed enhanced hydrogen bonding and increased structural uniformity with increasing BNC content, which could be related to functional properties of the films. Adhesion results showed dominant dispersive interactions with polymer blends, with optimal performance at 50% BNC, particularly on PLA/PCL 50/50 substrates, where work of adhesion reached ~ 100&#xa0;mJ/m². Films exhibited clear pH-responsive color changes from red (pH 2–4) to green/yellow (pH ≥ 9), with significant color differences (ΔE<sub>ab</sub> &gt; 5; Bonferroni adjusted <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). These results indicate that BNC could improve structural cohesion, adhesion, and sensing performance of starch-based films, highlighting their potential for use in biodegradable smart packaging.</p>

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Structural, interfacial, and pH-responsive colorimetric characterization of starch–nanocellulose–anthocyanin indicators developed for biodegradable PLA/PCL food packaging

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • Sanja Mahović Poljaček,
  • Tamara Tomašegović,
  • Davor Donevski

摘要

This research investigated biodegradable pH-responsive indicator films for smart food packaging based on potato starch (PS) and maize starch (MS), incorporating red cabbage anthocyanins (RCA) and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). The main objective was to analyze the influence of BNC concentration on structural, interfacial, and colorimetric properties of starch-based films and their interaction with biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) composites for packaging. Films were characterized using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy combined with two-trace and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2T2D, 2DCOS) to enhance spectral resolution along with measurements of total soluble matter (TSM), surface free energy (SFE) analysis of indicators and PLA/PCL composites. Films’ adhesion with PLA/PCL substrates was calculated, and colorimetric and optical responses in varied-pH environment with additional statistical analysis. PS-based films showed higher water solubility (9.83–15.87%) than MS-based films (4.63–9.75%), indicating superior stability of MS matrix. SFE values of films ranged from 66.34 to 69.04 mJ/m², with a decrease in polar contribution at 50% BNC, probably due to nanocellulose aggregation. Spectroscopic analyses revealed enhanced hydrogen bonding and increased structural uniformity with increasing BNC content, which could be related to functional properties of the films. Adhesion results showed dominant dispersive interactions with polymer blends, with optimal performance at 50% BNC, particularly on PLA/PCL 50/50 substrates, where work of adhesion reached ~ 100 mJ/m². Films exhibited clear pH-responsive color changes from red (pH 2–4) to green/yellow (pH ≥ 9), with significant color differences (ΔEab > 5; Bonferroni adjusted p < 0.05). These results indicate that BNC could improve structural cohesion, adhesion, and sensing performance of starch-based films, highlighting their potential for use in biodegradable smart packaging.