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<p>Nanoemulsion encapsulation enhances the usability of beta-carotene by improving its solubility and stability. This study evaluated the physicochemical properties and stability of red palm olein (RPOL)-based beta-carotene nanoemulsions prepared via high-pressure homogenization (HPH) (500 bars, 4 cycles) and spontaneous emulsification (SE). The oil phase (RPOL, medium-chain triglyceride oil, carotene complex, Span 80) and aqueous phase (Tween 80, ultrapure water) were homogenised. Nanoemulsions were evaluated for droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), viscosity, stability under centrifugation, pH, salt, thermal stress, storage, and in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. HPH formed a smaller droplet (198.21 ± 4.44&#xa0;nm) and lower viscosity (1.76 ± 0.02 mPa.s) than SE (380.78 ± 6.44&#xa0;nm; 3.14 ± 0.06 mPa.s). While both methods produced stable nanoemulsions, HPH showed higher bioaccessibility due to a smaller droplet size and increased surface area for lipase action, whereas SE had greater beta-carotene retention during storage, owing to reduced interfacial exposure. This study supports the Sustainable Development Goals 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) by enhancing nutrient delivery and sustainable formulation technologies.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Impacts of high-pressure homogenization and spontaneous emulsification on the physicochemical properties and stability of red palm olein-based beta-carotene nanoemulsion

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月5日

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  • Li Ann Lew,
  • Nwabueze Patrick Okechukwu,
  • Tai Boon Tan,
  • Chin Ping Tan,
  • Choon Hui Tan

摘要

Nanoemulsion encapsulation enhances the usability of beta-carotene by improving its solubility and stability. This study evaluated the physicochemical properties and stability of red palm olein (RPOL)-based beta-carotene nanoemulsions prepared via high-pressure homogenization (HPH) (500 bars, 4 cycles) and spontaneous emulsification (SE). The oil phase (RPOL, medium-chain triglyceride oil, carotene complex, Span 80) and aqueous phase (Tween 80, ultrapure water) were homogenised. Nanoemulsions were evaluated for droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), viscosity, stability under centrifugation, pH, salt, thermal stress, storage, and in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. HPH formed a smaller droplet (198.21 ± 4.44 nm) and lower viscosity (1.76 ± 0.02 mPa.s) than SE (380.78 ± 6.44 nm; 3.14 ± 0.06 mPa.s). While both methods produced stable nanoemulsions, HPH showed higher bioaccessibility due to a smaller droplet size and increased surface area for lipase action, whereas SE had greater beta-carotene retention during storage, owing to reduced interfacial exposure. This study supports the Sustainable Development Goals 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) by enhancing nutrient delivery and sustainable formulation technologies.

Graphical Abstract