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<p>Four series of composite films were prepared via solution casting using collagen hydrolysate (CH) derived from leather trimming waste with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) at a 50PVA/50CS ratio, and the optimal water barrier formulation (30PVA/30CS/40CH) was selected. Subsequently, five films based on the 30PVA/30CS/40CH formulation were prepared with varying lemon essential oil (LEO) ratios to evaluate their effects on film properties. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) confirmed α- and β-chains typical of type I collagen and low-molecular-weight fractions in the obtained CH. Increasing CH up to 40% enhanced film thickness, water resistance (reduced water solubility (WS), moisture content (MC), water vapor permeability (WVP)), tensile strength (TS), and elastic modulus (EM) while decreasing elongation at break (EAB); further CH increase to 50% reversed these trends. LEO addition (0.5%–2.5%) consistently reduced TS and EM, increased EAB, and improved water resistance. Optical analysis revealed lower visible light transmittance in all PVA/CS/CH and PVA/CS/CH/LEO films; CH increased <i>L*</i>, <i>a*</i>, <i>b*</i>, and <i>ΔE*</i>, while LEO decreased <i>L*</i> and <i>a*</i> but increased <i>b*</i> and <i>ΔE*</i>. Antioxidant activity, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), Fe<sup>2+</sup>-chelating, ferric ion reducing antioxidant parameter (FRAP), and total phenolic content (TPC), increased significantly with higher LEO content. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed intermolecular hydrogen bonding and compatibility among film components. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging showed dense, uniform films with CH up to 40%, whereas LEO incorporation introduced dispersed particles, pores, and grooves. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated CH improved thermal stability, while LEO decreased glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) by enhancing polymer chain mobility. These results demonstrate that CH from leather trimming waste can be effectively used in biopolymer films, and LEO addition modulates structural, mechanical, and functional properties, offering a sustainable strategy for circular economy-based packaging applications.</p>

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Eco-friendly antioxidant lemon essential oil–enriched PVA/chitosan/collagen hydrolysate biocomposite films from leather industry trimming wastes

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

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  • Ece Ekinci,
  • Ahmet Aslan,
  • Bugra Ocak

摘要

Four series of composite films were prepared via solution casting using collagen hydrolysate (CH) derived from leather trimming waste with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) at a 50PVA/50CS ratio, and the optimal water barrier formulation (30PVA/30CS/40CH) was selected. Subsequently, five films based on the 30PVA/30CS/40CH formulation were prepared with varying lemon essential oil (LEO) ratios to evaluate their effects on film properties. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) confirmed α- and β-chains typical of type I collagen and low-molecular-weight fractions in the obtained CH. Increasing CH up to 40% enhanced film thickness, water resistance (reduced water solubility (WS), moisture content (MC), water vapor permeability (WVP)), tensile strength (TS), and elastic modulus (EM) while decreasing elongation at break (EAB); further CH increase to 50% reversed these trends. LEO addition (0.5%–2.5%) consistently reduced TS and EM, increased EAB, and improved water resistance. Optical analysis revealed lower visible light transmittance in all PVA/CS/CH and PVA/CS/CH/LEO films; CH increased L*, a*, b*, and ΔE*, while LEO decreased L* and a* but increased b* and ΔE*. Antioxidant activity, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), Fe2+-chelating, ferric ion reducing antioxidant parameter (FRAP), and total phenolic content (TPC), increased significantly with higher LEO content. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed intermolecular hydrogen bonding and compatibility among film components. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging showed dense, uniform films with CH up to 40%, whereas LEO incorporation introduced dispersed particles, pores, and grooves. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated CH improved thermal stability, while LEO decreased glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) by enhancing polymer chain mobility. These results demonstrate that CH from leather trimming waste can be effectively used in biopolymer films, and LEO addition modulates structural, mechanical, and functional properties, offering a sustainable strategy for circular economy-based packaging applications.