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<p>The sustainable valorization of underutilized fruit as a source of high-value bioactive compounds is gaining significant attention in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical sectors. This study investigates the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for the recovery of gallic acid and phenolic content from <i>Fragrant Manjack</i> fruit and optimization using the Box-Behnken design – response surface methodology. The effects of extraction time (5–25&#xa0;min), ultrasonic power (130–520&#xa0;W), duty cycle (30–70%), and solvent-to-solute ratio (10–30 mL/g) were analyzed. Additionally, single-factor analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of different solvents, extraction time, ultrasonic power, duty cycle, and solvent-to-solute ratio on total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging activity. The phenolic content was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, antioxidant activity using DPPH assay, while gallic acid was identified and confirmed through HPLC and LC–MS analysis. The model showed significant fitting with experimental data (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001). Optimal conditions (15&#xa0;min extraction time, 520&#xa0;W ultrasonic power, 50% duty cycle, and 10 mL/g solvent-to-solute ratio) achieved a maximum gallic acid content of 778.7&#xa0;mg/L and TPC of 362.884&#xa0;mg GAE/g. HPLC confirmed a retention time of 1.45&#xa0;min for gallic acid, further validated by LC–MS with a characteristic m/z 171 peak. The commercially valuable products were identified using LC–MS. FESEM analysis confirmed significant structural disruption of the fruit matrix under UAE. The application of the UAE has garnered significant interest for its effectiveness in extracting bioactive compounds and antioxidant compounds from plants.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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LCMS profiling of phenolics extracted using an ultrasonic extraction process from Fragrant Manjack

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月9日

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  • Monika C. Diwathe,
  • Bidyut Mazumdar,
  • Anandkumar J.

摘要

The sustainable valorization of underutilized fruit as a source of high-value bioactive compounds is gaining significant attention in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical sectors. This study investigates the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for the recovery of gallic acid and phenolic content from Fragrant Manjack fruit and optimization using the Box-Behnken design – response surface methodology. The effects of extraction time (5–25 min), ultrasonic power (130–520 W), duty cycle (30–70%), and solvent-to-solute ratio (10–30 mL/g) were analyzed. Additionally, single-factor analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of different solvents, extraction time, ultrasonic power, duty cycle, and solvent-to-solute ratio on total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging activity. The phenolic content was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, antioxidant activity using DPPH assay, while gallic acid was identified and confirmed through HPLC and LC–MS analysis. The model showed significant fitting with experimental data (p < 0.0001). Optimal conditions (15 min extraction time, 520 W ultrasonic power, 50% duty cycle, and 10 mL/g solvent-to-solute ratio) achieved a maximum gallic acid content of 778.7 mg/L and TPC of 362.884 mg GAE/g. HPLC confirmed a retention time of 1.45 min for gallic acid, further validated by LC–MS with a characteristic m/z 171 peak. The commercially valuable products were identified using LC–MS. FESEM analysis confirmed significant structural disruption of the fruit matrix under UAE. The application of the UAE has garnered significant interest for its effectiveness in extracting bioactive compounds and antioxidant compounds from plants.

Graphical Abstract