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<p>This study explores the green valorization of palm oil solid condensate (POSC) using supercritical CO₂–ethanol extraction. Temperature (40–80&#xa0;°C) and pressure (10–30&#xa0;MPa) were optimized to recover β-carotene, α-tocopherol, and phenolic-rich fractions. The optimum (80&#xa0;°C, 13.6&#xa0;MPa) produced 2.53&#xa0;g extract with 9.34&#xa0;mg/kg β-carotene and 15.44&#xa0;mg/kg α-tocopherol. LC–MS/MS profiling revealed compositional evolution such as phenolic and lactone dominance at low severity; glycosides, flavonols, and alkaloids at intermediate; and triterpenoids and lignans at high severity. These compounds modulate NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2 pathways, supporting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The study confirms that controlled supercritical extraction can selectively tailor bioactive profiles from POSC, converting a palm oil by product into functional nutraceutical and pharmaceutical ingredients.</p>

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Supercritical CO₂ valorization of palm oil sterilization condensate for functional bioactive compounds

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月26日

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  • Noor Azwani Mohd Rasidek,
  • Liza Md Salleh,
  • Nurizzati Mohd Daud,
  • Nicky Rahmana Putra,
  • Shuhada Atika Idrus Saidi,
  • Ahmad Syahmi Zaini,
  • Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini

摘要

This study explores the green valorization of palm oil solid condensate (POSC) using supercritical CO₂–ethanol extraction. Temperature (40–80 °C) and pressure (10–30 MPa) were optimized to recover β-carotene, α-tocopherol, and phenolic-rich fractions. The optimum (80 °C, 13.6 MPa) produced 2.53 g extract with 9.34 mg/kg β-carotene and 15.44 mg/kg α-tocopherol. LC–MS/MS profiling revealed compositional evolution such as phenolic and lactone dominance at low severity; glycosides, flavonols, and alkaloids at intermediate; and triterpenoids and lignans at high severity. These compounds modulate NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2 pathways, supporting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The study confirms that controlled supercritical extraction can selectively tailor bioactive profiles from POSC, converting a palm oil by product into functional nutraceutical and pharmaceutical ingredients.