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<p>This study investigates dynamic subcritical water extraction (SWE) as a novel, single-step, and environmentally sustainable method for the recovery of allicin from <i>Allium sativum L</i>. Unlike conventional extraction techniques, SWE extracts allicin and hydrolyse alliin simultaneously within a closed system, eliminating the need for organic solvents. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize temperature (120–180&#xa0;°C), flow rate (2–6 mL/min), and extraction time (10–30&#xa0;min). The optimal conditions of 150&#xa0;°C, 4 mL/min, and 30&#xa0;min produced the highest allicin concentration (2.548 mg/g<sub>sample</sub>) and extract yield (1.695&#xa0;g). Solubility analysis revealed maximum values for extract yield (0.045&#xa0;g/mL), alliin (6.841&#xa0;mg·mL/g<sub>sample</sub>), and allicin (0.082&#xa0;mg·mL/g<sub>sample</sub>), highlighting the influence of solvent polarity and mass transfer efficiency under subcritical conditions. Kinetic modelling using the Esquivel and Brunner models, selected as empirical and diffusion-based approaches commonly applied to solid–liquid extraction systems, showed excellent correlation (R² = 0.984–0.999), confirming diffusion-controlled extraction behaviour, with the Brunner model demonstrating superior predictive accuracy. SWE efficiently unifies hydrolysis and extraction within a single, eco-friendly, and scalable system, enabling effective recovery of allicin and other bioactive compounds.</p>

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Single-step extraction of allicin from Allium sativum L. using subcritical water extraction: optimization, solubility and kinetic studies

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月17日

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  • Ahmad Syahmi Zaini,
  • Muhammad Afiq Zubir,
  • Nicky Rahmana Putra,
  • Ahmad Hazim Abdul Aziz,
  • Hilmi Abdul Rahman,
  • Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini

摘要

This study investigates dynamic subcritical water extraction (SWE) as a novel, single-step, and environmentally sustainable method for the recovery of allicin from Allium sativum L. Unlike conventional extraction techniques, SWE extracts allicin and hydrolyse alliin simultaneously within a closed system, eliminating the need for organic solvents. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize temperature (120–180 °C), flow rate (2–6 mL/min), and extraction time (10–30 min). The optimal conditions of 150 °C, 4 mL/min, and 30 min produced the highest allicin concentration (2.548 mg/gsample) and extract yield (1.695 g). Solubility analysis revealed maximum values for extract yield (0.045 g/mL), alliin (6.841 mg·mL/gsample), and allicin (0.082 mg·mL/gsample), highlighting the influence of solvent polarity and mass transfer efficiency under subcritical conditions. Kinetic modelling using the Esquivel and Brunner models, selected as empirical and diffusion-based approaches commonly applied to solid–liquid extraction systems, showed excellent correlation (R² = 0.984–0.999), confirming diffusion-controlled extraction behaviour, with the Brunner model demonstrating superior predictive accuracy. SWE efficiently unifies hydrolysis and extraction within a single, eco-friendly, and scalable system, enabling effective recovery of allicin and other bioactive compounds.