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<p>Black corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) cobs, an underutilized agricultural by-product, are a rich natural source of anthocyanins. In this study, a green and efficient extraction strategy was developed by integrating microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with a ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride, citric acid, and 1,4-butanediol (2:1:1, molar ratio). Process variables were optimized using response surface methodology, yielding a maximum total anthocyanin content (TAC) of 13.96&#xa0;mg/g DW and a cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) yield of 3.62&#xa0;mg/g DW. LC-MS/MS profiling identified 19 structurally diverse anthocyanin derivatives in the black corn cob extract. Compared with ethanol, the DES system significantly improved thermal stability, exhibiting slower degradation kinetics and greater pigment retention during heat treatment. Antioxidant assays (DPPH and ABTS⁺) showed markedly higher radical scavenging activity in DES-derived anthocyanins. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) further revealed that DES treatment disrupted the lignocellulosic cell wall matrix, facilitating more complete release of phenolic compounds than ethanol extraction. These findings highlight ternary DES-MAE as a sustainable and effective approach for valorizing black corn cobs and producing stable, high-value natural pigments for applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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High-efficiency extraction of anthocyanins from black corn (Zea Mays L.) using a ternary deep eutectic solvent combined with microwave-assisted process

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月19日

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  • Siqi He,
  • Guangru Chu,
  • Aijiao Wang,
  • Liying Cui,
  • Hongji Wang,
  • Shengkai Liu,
  • Zhiguo Liu

摘要

Black corn (Zea mays L.) cobs, an underutilized agricultural by-product, are a rich natural source of anthocyanins. In this study, a green and efficient extraction strategy was developed by integrating microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with a ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride, citric acid, and 1,4-butanediol (2:1:1, molar ratio). Process variables were optimized using response surface methodology, yielding a maximum total anthocyanin content (TAC) of 13.96 mg/g DW and a cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) yield of 3.62 mg/g DW. LC-MS/MS profiling identified 19 structurally diverse anthocyanin derivatives in the black corn cob extract. Compared with ethanol, the DES system significantly improved thermal stability, exhibiting slower degradation kinetics and greater pigment retention during heat treatment. Antioxidant assays (DPPH and ABTS⁺) showed markedly higher radical scavenging activity in DES-derived anthocyanins. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) further revealed that DES treatment disrupted the lignocellulosic cell wall matrix, facilitating more complete release of phenolic compounds than ethanol extraction. These findings highlight ternary DES-MAE as a sustainable and effective approach for valorizing black corn cobs and producing stable, high-value natural pigments for applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Graphical Abstract