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<p>This study investigates the antioxidant potential as well as phenolic and flavonoid content of bee pollen samples in six different extracts selected based on their solvent polarity. The phenolic content in different extracts of mustard bee pollen varied from 2.95 ± 0.31 to 42.78 ± 1.04&#xa0;mg galllic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram, in multiflora bee pollen varying between 2.21 ± 0.21 to 32.61 ± 1.52&#xa0;mg GAE/g, in coconut bee pollen between 2.41 ± 0.90 to 12.48 ± 1.75&#xa0;mg GAE/g, and in rice bee pollen varied from 3.01 ± 1.07 to 13.78 ± 0.78 mg GAE/g.Flavonoid content in different extracts of mustard bee pollen varied from 5.64 ± 0.62 to 26.10 ± 0.35&#xa0;mg quercetin equivalents (QE) per gram, in multiflora from 8.36 ± 0.41 to 24.45 ± 0.70&#xa0;mg QE/g in coconut bee pollen from 5.20 ± 0.13 to 23.32 ± 0.45&#xa0;mg QE/g and 5.61 ± 0.23 to 11.99 ± 0.78&#xa0;mg QE/g in rice bee pollen. The methanolic extract of mustard bee pollen exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, particularly in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, with an IC50 value of 19.35 ± 1.84&#xa0;µg/mL and 25.40 ± 1.42&#xa0;µg/mL, respectively, demonstrating superior antioxidant properties compared to other bee pollen samples. A key novelty of this study lies in the use of the human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell lines to evaluate the cytotoxicity of mustard bee pollen extract, with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay results indicating low cytotoxicity, supporting its potential safety. GC-MS and LC-MS studies revealed major bioactive compound content in this extract. Such findings indicate methanolic extraction to be the best in terms of maximizing the bioactive components present in bee pollen for therapeutic purposes. The high antioxidant capability and low cytotoxic properties of methanolic mustard bee pollen make it suitable for conducting further in-vivo studies to exploit possible health benefits derived from this extract.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Comparative analysis of phytochemical and antioxidant potential in bee pollen extracts from various floral origins and its in-vitro cytotoxicity in HepG2 and HEK293 cell lines

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月20日

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  • Vandna Bhardwaj,
  • Naresh Thakur,
  • Nidhi Bhardwaj,
  • Priyanka Kumari

摘要

This study investigates the antioxidant potential as well as phenolic and flavonoid content of bee pollen samples in six different extracts selected based on their solvent polarity. The phenolic content in different extracts of mustard bee pollen varied from 2.95 ± 0.31 to 42.78 ± 1.04 mg galllic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram, in multiflora bee pollen varying between 2.21 ± 0.21 to 32.61 ± 1.52 mg GAE/g, in coconut bee pollen between 2.41 ± 0.90 to 12.48 ± 1.75 mg GAE/g, and in rice bee pollen varied from 3.01 ± 1.07 to 13.78 ± 0.78 mg GAE/g.Flavonoid content in different extracts of mustard bee pollen varied from 5.64 ± 0.62 to 26.10 ± 0.35 mg quercetin equivalents (QE) per gram, in multiflora from 8.36 ± 0.41 to 24.45 ± 0.70 mg QE/g in coconut bee pollen from 5.20 ± 0.13 to 23.32 ± 0.45 mg QE/g and 5.61 ± 0.23 to 11.99 ± 0.78 mg QE/g in rice bee pollen. The methanolic extract of mustard bee pollen exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, particularly in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, with an IC50 value of 19.35 ± 1.84 µg/mL and 25.40 ± 1.42 µg/mL, respectively, demonstrating superior antioxidant properties compared to other bee pollen samples. A key novelty of this study lies in the use of the human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell lines to evaluate the cytotoxicity of mustard bee pollen extract, with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay results indicating low cytotoxicity, supporting its potential safety. GC-MS and LC-MS studies revealed major bioactive compound content in this extract. Such findings indicate methanolic extraction to be the best in terms of maximizing the bioactive components present in bee pollen for therapeutic purposes. The high antioxidant capability and low cytotoxic properties of methanolic mustard bee pollen make it suitable for conducting further in-vivo studies to exploit possible health benefits derived from this extract.

Graphical abstract