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<p>Sapodilla (<i>Manilkara zapota</i>) is a tropical climacteric fruit valued for its flavor and nutritional composition but is highly perishable due to rapid postharvest weight loss and softening. The present study aimed to develop and optimize edible active coatings (EACs) based on <i>Cordia myxa</i> mucilage (CMM) and grapefruit peel extract (GPE) to enhance sapodilla shelf life and quality. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) employing a Central Composite Design (CCD) was applied to analyze the effects of CMM (3–6% w/v), GPE (1.5–4% w/v), and glycerol (0.5–1.5% w/v) on weight loss (WL) and fruit firmness (FF) during 25 days of refrigerated storage (10 ± 1 °C, 40–45% RH). ANOVA revealed that CMM and its interactions with GPE and glycerol significantly influenced WL (p &lt; 0.05), with optimized coatings reducing WL to 4.75% versus 9.5% in controls. The quadratic model was significant (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.8410; Adeq Precision = 9.96). For FF, the coatings effectively delayed softening, maintaining firmness up to 24.4 N compared to 7–10 N in uncoated fruits. The model for firmness was also significant (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.8191), with glycerol concentration (C<sup>2</sup> term) emerging as a major determinant (p = 0.0022). Additional physicochemical analyses confirmed that coated fruits retained higher total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA), indicating delayed ripening. Visual evaluation further supported the superior appearance and reduced shriveling of coated fruits. Overall, CMM–GPE coatings significantly minimized postharvest deterioration, reducing WL by up to 55% and maintaining 2–3 times higher firmness compared to controls, demonstrating strong predictive performance (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.84 for WL; R<sup>2</sup> = 0.82 for FF) and confirming coating efficacy for practical postharvest storage. These findings highlight the potential of natural biopolymer–plant extract coatings as an eco-friendly postharvest strategy for sapodilla preservation.</p>

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Optimization of eco-sustainable cordia myxa—grapefruit peel edible coatings for enhancing postharvest quality of sapodilla via response surface methodology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月21日

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  • Iqra Siddique Alvi,
  • Jawaad Ahmed Ansari,
  • Rafiq Ahmed

摘要

Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) is a tropical climacteric fruit valued for its flavor and nutritional composition but is highly perishable due to rapid postharvest weight loss and softening. The present study aimed to develop and optimize edible active coatings (EACs) based on Cordia myxa mucilage (CMM) and grapefruit peel extract (GPE) to enhance sapodilla shelf life and quality. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) employing a Central Composite Design (CCD) was applied to analyze the effects of CMM (3–6% w/v), GPE (1.5–4% w/v), and glycerol (0.5–1.5% w/v) on weight loss (WL) and fruit firmness (FF) during 25 days of refrigerated storage (10 ± 1 °C, 40–45% RH). ANOVA revealed that CMM and its interactions with GPE and glycerol significantly influenced WL (p < 0.05), with optimized coatings reducing WL to 4.75% versus 9.5% in controls. The quadratic model was significant (R2 = 0.8410; Adeq Precision = 9.96). For FF, the coatings effectively delayed softening, maintaining firmness up to 24.4 N compared to 7–10 N in uncoated fruits. The model for firmness was also significant (R2 = 0.8191), with glycerol concentration (C2 term) emerging as a major determinant (p = 0.0022). Additional physicochemical analyses confirmed that coated fruits retained higher total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA), indicating delayed ripening. Visual evaluation further supported the superior appearance and reduced shriveling of coated fruits. Overall, CMM–GPE coatings significantly minimized postharvest deterioration, reducing WL by up to 55% and maintaining 2–3 times higher firmness compared to controls, demonstrating strong predictive performance (R2 = 0.84 for WL; R2 = 0.82 for FF) and confirming coating efficacy for practical postharvest storage. These findings highlight the potential of natural biopolymer–plant extract coatings as an eco-friendly postharvest strategy for sapodilla preservation.