<p>With the growing emphasis of consumers on the quality, safety, and nutritional value of agricultural products, quality inspection during the postharvest distribution of fruits has increasingly become a focal point in the fruit industry. Rapidly and accurately assessing the internal and external quality of fruits without causing damage has become a critical factor in enhancing the quality and efficiency of the fruit industry. The emergence and ongoing development of optical non-destructive testing technology demonstrate its broad application prospects and significant industrial value. This paper introduces the development of non-destructive testing technologies for post-harvest fruits. Firstly, it elaborates on the importance of the post-harvest fruit industry, the main causes of post-harvest damage, and the applications and limitations of conventional testing methods. Secondly, it analyzes existing optical non-destructive testing methods, summarizing their key technological pathways and recent research progress. Finally, it discusses the technical challenges encountered in practical applications. It also explores the future potential of these technologies in promoting intelligent and high-efficiency post-harvest quality testing, particularly through trends in multi-optical sensor fusion, applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning, and the development of portable testing devices. This study provides theoretical support and technical references for enhancing the economic benefits and sustainability of the fruit industry.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>