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<p>To address the lack of a rapid and non-destructive method for assessing goose liver freshness during storage and transportation, this study proposes an evaluation method based on bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). By analyzing the impedance spectra (20&#xa0;Hz-400&#xa0;kHz) of goose liver stored for 7 days at room temperature (16 ± 2°C) and under refrigeration (4 ± 1&#xa0;°C), an equivalent circuit model containing a Constant Phase Element (CPE) was constructed, and the CPE exponent (<i>n</i>) was introduced as a characteristic parameter to quantitatively reveal its deterioration pattern. The results showed that with increasing storage time, the impedance magnitude of goose liver tissue continuously decreased in the low-frequency range below 1&#xa0;kHz, while the phase angle gradually increased. The phase angle at 100&#xa0;kHz exhibited a significant correlation with storage time (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.01) and demonstrated greater sensitivity than impedance magnitude. The Cole–Cole curves displayed a pronounced contraction of their arc profiles with prolonged storage, reflecting typical features of structural degradation. The proposed CPE-containing model achieved superior fitting accuracy (χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.001967 at room temperature and χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.00049 under refrigeration) compared with the conventional three-element model (χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.0198 and 0.00657, respectively). Further analysis based on this model revealed that intracellular fluid resistance gradually increased during storage, while extracellular fluid resistance and the <i>n</i> significantly decreased (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.01), with parameter changes being more pronounced under room temperature than refrigerated conditions. These findings confirm that BIA provides a reliable approach for the rapid, non-destructive assessment of goose liver freshness.</p>

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Assessment of the freshness of goose liver based on bioelectrical impedance analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Shuren Liu,
  • Yi Xu,
  • Jian Yang,
  • Weiwei Wu,
  • Minmeng Zhao,
  • Daoqing Gong,
  • Shuze Zhou,
  • Jianmin Zhang,
  • Yanjun Zhang

摘要

To address the lack of a rapid and non-destructive method for assessing goose liver freshness during storage and transportation, this study proposes an evaluation method based on bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). By analyzing the impedance spectra (20 Hz-400 kHz) of goose liver stored for 7 days at room temperature (16 ± 2°C) and under refrigeration (4 ± 1 °C), an equivalent circuit model containing a Constant Phase Element (CPE) was constructed, and the CPE exponent (n) was introduced as a characteristic parameter to quantitatively reveal its deterioration pattern. The results showed that with increasing storage time, the impedance magnitude of goose liver tissue continuously decreased in the low-frequency range below 1 kHz, while the phase angle gradually increased. The phase angle at 100 kHz exhibited a significant correlation with storage time (P < 0.01) and demonstrated greater sensitivity than impedance magnitude. The Cole–Cole curves displayed a pronounced contraction of their arc profiles with prolonged storage, reflecting typical features of structural degradation. The proposed CPE-containing model achieved superior fitting accuracy (χ2 = 0.001967 at room temperature and χ2 = 0.00049 under refrigeration) compared with the conventional three-element model (χ2 = 0.0198 and 0.00657, respectively). Further analysis based on this model revealed that intracellular fluid resistance gradually increased during storage, while extracellular fluid resistance and the n significantly decreased (P < 0.01), with parameter changes being more pronounced under room temperature than refrigerated conditions. These findings confirm that BIA provides a reliable approach for the rapid, non-destructive assessment of goose liver freshness.