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<p>The increasing reliance on single-use plastic packaging in the food industry has raised serious environmental and health concerns. This study explores the development of biodegradable packaging films loaded with green tea extract (GTE) as a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics. Biopolymeric films were fabricated from chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrices using the solvent-casting method, and their mechanical, physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties were systematically evaluated. Incorporation of GTE enhanced the mechanical performance of the films compared with GTE-free controls, increasing tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (E%) by 12.5% and 47%, respectively. Thermal stability and water vapor permeability (WVP) improved by 8%, while the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) decreased by 28.5%. GTE-containing films also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, where the addition of 0.2% GTE resulted in 357% and 103% increases in the OD% parameter (percentage reduction in bacterial culture optical density indicating growth inhibition), respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed only minor spectral changes, reflecting the low GTE content and limited interactions with the polymer matrix. Shelf-life tests on edible mushrooms demonstrated that GTE-based films effectively reduced weight loss and microbial growth during storage. Compared with the control (28.10 g), the N3 film significantly lowered mushroom weight loss to 20.38 g (≈27% reduction), while N2 and N3 films markedly suppressed microbial activity and retained significantly greater firmness after seven days (p &lt; 0.05). These findings highlight the potential of GTE-incorporated PVA/CS films as environmentally friendly and functional packaging materials capable of reducing plastic waste while maintaining food quality and safety.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan films incorporated with green tea extract for mushroom packaging: Physicochemical, antibacterial, and preservation properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月27日

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  • Nishtman Zamani,
  • Behnam Vahedi,
  • Shamimeh Azimi Salim,
  • Vahid Ghasemzadeh-Mohammadi

摘要

The increasing reliance on single-use plastic packaging in the food industry has raised serious environmental and health concerns. This study explores the development of biodegradable packaging films loaded with green tea extract (GTE) as a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics. Biopolymeric films were fabricated from chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrices using the solvent-casting method, and their mechanical, physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties were systematically evaluated. Incorporation of GTE enhanced the mechanical performance of the films compared with GTE-free controls, increasing tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (E%) by 12.5% and 47%, respectively. Thermal stability and water vapor permeability (WVP) improved by 8%, while the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) decreased by 28.5%. GTE-containing films also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli andStaphylococcus aureus, where the addition of 0.2% GTE resulted in 357% and 103% increases in the OD% parameter (percentage reduction in bacterial culture optical density indicating growth inhibition), respectively (p < 0.05). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed only minor spectral changes, reflecting the low GTE content and limited interactions with the polymer matrix. Shelf-life tests on edible mushrooms demonstrated that GTE-based films effectively reduced weight loss and microbial growth during storage. Compared with the control (28.10 g), the N3 film significantly lowered mushroom weight loss to 20.38 g (≈27% reduction), while N2 and N3 films markedly suppressed microbial activity and retained significantly greater firmness after seven days (p < 0.05). These findings highlight the potential of GTE-incorporated PVA/CS films as environmentally friendly and functional packaging materials capable of reducing plastic waste while maintaining food quality and safety.

Graphical Abstract