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<p>Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has emerged as a highly efficient method for isolating bioactive compounds. This work was designed to extract <i>Thymus vulgaris</i> L. (thyme) via SFE at three pressure levels (20, 30, and 45&#xa0;MPa) while maintaining a constant temperature of 40&#xa0;°C and compare the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic impact of various extracts using in vitro methods. The extract obtained at 30&#xa0;MPa yielded the highest concentrations of total flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Notably, this extract was rich in key phenolic and flavonoid compounds, including rutin and kaempferol, along with significant levels of rosmarinic, syringic, caffeic, ellagic, and coumaric acids. The 30&#xa0;MPa extract also demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial activity, producing the largest inhibition zones against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Salmonella typhi</i>, <i>Candida albicans</i>, and <i>Mucor circinelloid</i>. It exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBCs) among all tested pressure levels. Furthermore, it significantly inhibited bacterial biofilm formation, with inhibition rates ranging from 81.97% to 96.07%. Ultrastructural analysis revealed notable damage to <i>K. pneumoniae</i> cells after exposure to the extract. Additionally, the 30 megapascal (MPa) extract showed potent antioxidant activity and effective inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were also highest at 30&#xa0;MPa. Thus, SFE at 30&#xa0;MPa represents the optimal condition for extracting bioactive compounds from <i>T. vulgaris</i> yielding extract with superior antimicrobial, antioxidant, and enzyme-inhibitory properties. These results underscore the potential of this extract for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.</p>

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Extraction of Thymus vulgaris at different levels of pressure and their effect against food-born microorganisms with antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月30日

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  • Abdulrahman S. Bazaid,
  • Sulaiman A. Alsalamah,
  • Ghaida Alsaif,
  • Heba Barnawi,
  • Abdu Aldarhami,
  • Husam Qanash,
  • Mohammed H. Alruhaili,
  • Mohammed S. Almuhayawi,
  • Muyassar K. Tarabulsi,
  • Soad K. Al Jaouni,
  • Tarek Mohamed Abdelghany,
  • Samy Selim

摘要

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has emerged as a highly efficient method for isolating bioactive compounds. This work was designed to extract Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) via SFE at three pressure levels (20, 30, and 45 MPa) while maintaining a constant temperature of 40 °C and compare the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic impact of various extracts using in vitro methods. The extract obtained at 30 MPa yielded the highest concentrations of total flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Notably, this extract was rich in key phenolic and flavonoid compounds, including rutin and kaempferol, along with significant levels of rosmarinic, syringic, caffeic, ellagic, and coumaric acids. The 30 MPa extract also demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial activity, producing the largest inhibition zones against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, and Mucor circinelloid. It exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBCs) among all tested pressure levels. Furthermore, it significantly inhibited bacterial biofilm formation, with inhibition rates ranging from 81.97% to 96.07%. Ultrastructural analysis revealed notable damage to K. pneumoniae cells after exposure to the extract. Additionally, the 30 megapascal (MPa) extract showed potent antioxidant activity and effective inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were also highest at 30 MPa. Thus, SFE at 30 MPa represents the optimal condition for extracting bioactive compounds from T. vulgaris yielding extract with superior antimicrobial, antioxidant, and enzyme-inhibitory properties. These results underscore the potential of this extract for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.