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<p>Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) is a drought-tolerant tropical fruit recognized for its nutritional richness and medicinal properties, yet the efficient recovery of its bioactive compounds remains a challenge. Conventional methods such as hot water extraction resulted in limited yields, highlighting the need for improved extraction approaches. The present study aimed to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of jujube pulp and peel in order to enhance recovery of antioxidants and phenolics while comparing its performance with hot water extraction. A Box–Behnken Design was applied to investigate the influence of extraction time, temperature, and solid-to-solvent ratio on antioxidant activity (DPPH), total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content, titratable acidity, soluble solids, and color. The results showed that UAE significantly outperformed hot water extraction, with maximum values of 84.83&#xa0;mg Trolox/100&#xa0;g for antioxidant activity and 254.13&#xa0;mg GAE/100&#xa0;g for phenolic content. Optimization predicted the most effective condition as 25&#xa0;min at 70&#xa0;°C with a 1:1 solid-to-water ratio, which was validated experimentally with less than 2% error. Furthermore, HPLC analysis confirmed quercetin as a major bioactive compound in the extracts, with a retention time of 21.23&#xa0;min, supporting the phytochemical relevance of UAE-derived fractions. These findings provide evidence that UAE is not only a rapid and reproducible technique but also an efficient alternative to traditional methods for maximizing bioactive recovery from Indian jujube. The optimized protocol can be readily applied for the development of functional foods, dietary supplements, and nutraceutical formulations, thereby contributing to the value addition and wider utilization of this underexploited tropical fruit.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Ultrasound-assisted extraction enhances antioxidant and phenolic yield from Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Sudha Paramadhas,
  • Saranvinoth Palayur Venkitachalapathy,
  • Preetha Palanisamy,
  • Balakrishnan Murugesan,
  • Kumaran Kalyanasundaram,
  • Gurusamy Kandasamy,
  • Ravi Pandiselvam

摘要

Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) is a drought-tolerant tropical fruit recognized for its nutritional richness and medicinal properties, yet the efficient recovery of its bioactive compounds remains a challenge. Conventional methods such as hot water extraction resulted in limited yields, highlighting the need for improved extraction approaches. The present study aimed to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of jujube pulp and peel in order to enhance recovery of antioxidants and phenolics while comparing its performance with hot water extraction. A Box–Behnken Design was applied to investigate the influence of extraction time, temperature, and solid-to-solvent ratio on antioxidant activity (DPPH), total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content, titratable acidity, soluble solids, and color. The results showed that UAE significantly outperformed hot water extraction, with maximum values of 84.83 mg Trolox/100 g for antioxidant activity and 254.13 mg GAE/100 g for phenolic content. Optimization predicted the most effective condition as 25 min at 70 °C with a 1:1 solid-to-water ratio, which was validated experimentally with less than 2% error. Furthermore, HPLC analysis confirmed quercetin as a major bioactive compound in the extracts, with a retention time of 21.23 min, supporting the phytochemical relevance of UAE-derived fractions. These findings provide evidence that UAE is not only a rapid and reproducible technique but also an efficient alternative to traditional methods for maximizing bioactive recovery from Indian jujube. The optimized protocol can be readily applied for the development of functional foods, dietary supplements, and nutraceutical formulations, thereby contributing to the value addition and wider utilization of this underexploited tropical fruit.

Graphical Abstract