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<p>In this study, a nanoemulsion of the clove (<i>Syzygium aromaticum</i>) essential oil was prepared to investigate its potential application as an alternative or adjuvant for antibiotics and as a safe preservative. An oil- in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion containing 2% clove oil was prepared with 6% Tween 80 and 1.5% Span 80 by ultrasonic treatment and had an average size of 78.62&#xa0;nm and a PDI of 0.192. The stability was measured up to the 6th month and the antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi was investigated micro and macro dilution methods and compared with that of essential oil and antibiotics. The antioxidant activity was investigated using the DPPH method. The nanoemulsion had a droplet size less than 100&#xa0;nm and the physicochemical stability of the nanoemulsion at low temperatures was greater than at high temperatures. Clove oil and the nanoemulsion had an equally strong radical scavenging activity as ascorbic acid. This nanoemulsion increases the antimicrobial activity against microorganisms that have sufficient hydrophobic domains in their cell wall. Thus, it may be an alternative to some antibiotics and antifungal medications or an add-on for them. The high antioxidant behavior and the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity make the nanoemulsion potentially suitable for the preservation of pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food products.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Clove oil nanoemulsion: a proposed alternative to synthetic preservatives in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and foods

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月21日

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  • Hossein Rahmati Zare,
  • Samineh Jafari,
  • Azadeh Ghaffari,
  • Maryam Hassan

摘要

In this study, a nanoemulsion of the clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil was prepared to investigate its potential application as an alternative or adjuvant for antibiotics and as a safe preservative. An oil- in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion containing 2% clove oil was prepared with 6% Tween 80 and 1.5% Span 80 by ultrasonic treatment and had an average size of 78.62 nm and a PDI of 0.192. The stability was measured up to the 6th month and the antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi was investigated micro and macro dilution methods and compared with that of essential oil and antibiotics. The antioxidant activity was investigated using the DPPH method. The nanoemulsion had a droplet size less than 100 nm and the physicochemical stability of the nanoemulsion at low temperatures was greater than at high temperatures. Clove oil and the nanoemulsion had an equally strong radical scavenging activity as ascorbic acid. This nanoemulsion increases the antimicrobial activity against microorganisms that have sufficient hydrophobic domains in their cell wall. Thus, it may be an alternative to some antibiotics and antifungal medications or an add-on for them. The high antioxidant behavior and the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity make the nanoemulsion potentially suitable for the preservation of pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food products.

Graphical Abstract